Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major threat to global crop production in acidic soils, which can be mitigated by natural substances such as pyroligneous acid (PA). However, the effect of PA in regulating plant central carbon metabolism (CCM) under Al stress is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of varying PA concentrations (0, 0.25 and 1% PA/ddH2O (v/v)) on intermediate metabolites involved in CCM in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., ‘Scotia’) seedlings under varying Al concentrations (0, 1 and 4 mM AlCl3). A total of 48 differentially expressed metabolites of CCM were identified in the leaves of both control and PA-treated plants under Al stress. Calvin–Benson cycle (CBC) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolites were considerably reduced under 4 mM Al stress, irrespective of the PA treatment. Conversely, the PA treatment markedly increased glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolites compared to the control. Although glycolysis metabolites in the 0.25% PA-treated plants under Al stress were comparable to the control, the 1% PA-treated plants exhibited the highest accumulation of glycolysis metabolites. Furthermore, all PA treatments increased TCA metabolites under Al stress. Electron transport chain (ETC) metabolites were higher in PA-treated plants alone and under 1 mM, Al but were reduced under a higher Al treatment of 4 mM. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that CBC metabolites had a significantly strong positive (r = 0.99; p < 0.001) association with PPP metabolites. Additionally, glycolysis metabolites showed a significantly moderate positive association (r = 0.76; p < 0.05) with TCA metabolites, while ETC metabolites exhibited no association with any of the determined pathways. The coordinated association between CCM pathway metabolites suggests that PA can stimulate changes in plant metabolism to modulate energy production and biosynthesis of organic acids under Al stress conditions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
48 differentially expressed central carbon metabolites were identified in control and PA-treated tomato leaves under aluminum stress.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed metabolites of CCMe0
- Value
- 48e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 48 differentially expressed metabolites of CCM were identified in the leaves of both control and PA-treated plants under Al stress.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
4 mM aluminum stress reduced Calvin–Benson cycle and pentose phosphate pathway metabolites irrespective of PA treatment.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 4 mM Al stresse0
- Outcome
- Calvin–Benson cycle (CBC) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolitese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of the PA treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calvin–Benson cycle (CBC) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolites were considerably reduced under 4 mM Al stress, irrespective of the PA treatment.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
PA treatment increased glycolysis and TCA metabolites relative to control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PA treatmente0
- Outcome
- glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolitese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, the PA treatment markedly increased glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolites compared to the control.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycolysis metabolites in 0.25% PA-treated plants under aluminum stress were comparable to control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.25% PAe0
- Outcome
- glycolysis metabolitese0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Qualifier
- under Al stresse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although glycolysis metabolites in the 0.25% PA-treated plants under Al stress were comparable to the control”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
1% PA-treated plants had the highest accumulation of glycolysis metabolites.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1% PAe0
- Outcome
- glycolysis metabolitese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 1% PA-treated plants exhibited the highest accumulation of glycolysis metabolites.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
All PA treatments increased TCA metabolites under aluminum stress.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all PA treatmentse0
- Outcome
- TCA metabolitese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under Al stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, all PA treatments increased TCA metabolites under Al stress.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ETC metabolites were higher in plants treated with PA alone.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PAe0
- Outcome
- Electron transport chain (ETC) metabolitese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- alonee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Electron transport chain (ETC) metabolites were higher in PA-treated plants alone and under 1 mM, Al but were reduced under a higher Al treatment of 4 mM.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ETC metabolites were higher in PA-treated plants under 1 mM aluminum.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PAe0
- Outcome
- Electron transport chain (ETC) metabolitese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under 1 mM, Ale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Electron transport chain (ETC) metabolites were higher in PA-treated plants alone and under 1 mM, Al but were reduced under a higher Al treatment of 4 mM.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ETC metabolites were reduced under 4 mM aluminum treatment.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Al treatment of 4 mMe0
- Outcome
- Electron transport chain (ETC) metabolitese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Electron transport chain (ETC) metabolites were higher in PA-treated plants alone and under 1 mM, Al but were reduced under a higher Al treatment of 4 mM.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
CBC metabolites were strongly positively associated with PPP metabolites (r = 0.99; p < 0.001).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- PPP metabolitese0
- Outcome
- CBC metabolitese0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Value
- r = 0.99e0
- Qualifier
- p < 0.001e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pearson correlation analysis revealed that CBC metabolites had a significantly strong positive (r = 0.99; p < 0.001) association with PPP metabolites.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycolysis metabolites were moderately positively associated with TCA metabolites (r = 0.76; p < 0.05).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- TCA metabolitese0
- Outcome
- glycolysis metabolitese0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Value
- r = 0.76e0
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, glycolysis metabolites showed a significantly moderate positive association (r = 0.76; p < 0.05) with TCA metabolites”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ETC metabolites showed no association with any determined pathway.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- ETC metabolitese0
- Direction
- no associatione0
- Comparator
- any of the determined pathwayse0
Not reportedCompound
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while ETC metabolites exhibited no association with any of the determined pathways.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret coordinated carbon pathway associations as suggesting PA can alter metabolism to modulate energy production and organic acid biosynthesis under aluminum stress.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PAe0
- Outcome
- energy production and biosynthesis of organic acidse0
- Qualifier
- under Al stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The coordinated association between CCM pathway metabolites suggests that PA can stimulate changes in plant metabolism to modulate energy production and biosynthesis of organic acids under Al stress conditions.”
t0“Tomato”
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