Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in plant defense against viruses. However, the mechanisms that underlie the activation of MAPK cascades in response to viral infection remain unclear. In this study, we discovered that phosphatidic acid (PA) represents a major class of lipids that respond to Potato virus Y (PVY) at an early stage of infection. We identified NbPLDα1 (Nicotiana benthamiana phospholipase Dα1) as the key enzyme responsible for increased PA levels during PVY infection and found that it plays an antiviral role. 6K2 of PVY interacts with NbPLDα1, leading to elevated PA levels. In addition, NbPLDα1 and PA are recruited by 6K2 to membrane-bound viral replication complexes. On the other hand, 6K2 also induces activation of the MAPK pathway, dependent on its interaction with NbPLDα1 and the derived PA. PA binds to WIPK/SIPK/NTF4, prompting their phosphorylation of WRKY8. Notably, spraying with exogenous PA is sufficient to activate the MAPK pathway. Knockdown of the MEK2-WIPK/SIPK-WRKY8 cascade resulted in enhanced accumulation of PVY genomic RNA. 6K2 of Turnip mosaic virus and p33 of Tomato bushy stunt virus also interacted with NbPLDα1 and induced the activation of MAPK-mediated immunity. Loss of function of NbPLDα1 inhibited virus-induced activation of MAPK cascades and promoted viral RNA accumulation. Thus, activation of MAPK-mediated immunity by NbPLDα1-derived PA is a common strategy employed by hosts to counteract positive-strand RNA virus infection.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphatidic acid responded early to PVY infection.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianat0 - Interactor
- Potato virus Y
Potato virus Ye0pathogen - Outcome
- phosphatidic acid (PA)e0
- Qualifier
- early stage of infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphatidic acid (PA) represents a major class of lipids that respond to Potato virus Y (PVY) at an early stage of infection”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
NbPLDα1 was responsible for higher PA during PVY infection.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Interactor
- PVYPotato virus Ye0pathogen
- Gene
- NbPLDα1e0
- Outcome
- increased PA levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NbPLDα1 (Nicotiana benthamiana phospholipase Dα1) as the key enzyme responsible for increased PA levels during PVY infection”
Claim · model-written summary
NbPLDα1 played an antiviral role.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Gene
- NbPLDα1e1
- Outcome
- antiviral rolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“found that it plays an antiviral role”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
e1“NbPLDα1 and PA”
Claim · model-written summary
PVY 6K2 interacted with NbPLDα1 and raised PA levels.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Interactor
- PVYPotato virus Ye0pathogen
- Gene
- NbPLDα1e0
- Outcome
- elevated PA levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6K2 of PVY interacts with NbPLDα1, leading to elevated PA levels”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
PVY 6K2 recruited NbPLDα1 and PA to viral replication complexes.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Interactor
- PVYPotato virus Ye1pathogen
- Gene
- NbPLDα1e0
- Outcome
- recruited by 6K2 to membrane-bound viral replication complexese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NbPLDα1 and PA are recruited by 6K2 to membrane-bound viral replication complexes”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
e1“6K2 of PVY”
Claim · model-written summary
PVY 6K2 activated MAPK signaling through NbPLDα1 and PA.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Interactor
- PVYPotato virus Ye1pathogen
- Gene
- NbPLDα1e0
- Outcome
- activation of the MAPK pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6K2 also induces activation of the MAPK pathway, dependent on its interaction with NbPLDα1 and the derived PA”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
e1“6K2 of PVY”
Claim · model-written summary
PA bound WIPK/SIPK/NTF4 and prompted WRKY8 phosphorylation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Gene
- WIPK/SIPK/NTF4e0
- Compound
- PAe0
- Outcome
- phosphorylation of WRKY8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PA binds to WIPK/SIPK/NTF4, prompting their phosphorylation of WRKY8”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous PA spray activated the MAPK pathway.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- spraying with exogenous PAe0
- Outcome
- activate the MAPK pathwaye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying with exogenous PA is sufficient to activate the MAPK pathway”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Knockdown of the MEK2-WIPK/SIPK-WRKY8 cascade enhanced PVY genomic RNA accumulation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- Knockdown of the MEK2-WIPK/SIPK-WRKY8 cascadee0
- Interactor
- PVYPotato virus Ye0pathogen
- Gene
- MEK2-WIPK/SIPK-WRKY8e0
- Outcome
- PVY genomic RNAe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Knockdown of the MEK2-WIPK/SIPK-WRKY8 cascade resulted in enhanced accumulation of PVY genomic RNA”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Turnip mosaic virus 6K2 interacted with NbPLDα1.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Interactor
- Turnip mosaic virus
Turnip mosaic viruse0pathogen - Gene
- NbPLDα1e0
- Outcome
- interacted with NbPLDα1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6K2 of Turnip mosaic virus and p33 of Tomato bushy stunt virus also interacted with NbPLDα1”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato bushy stunt virus p33 interacted with NbPLDα1.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Interactor
- Tomato bushy stunt virusTomato bushy stunt viruse0pathogen
- Gene
- NbPLDα1e0
- Outcome
- interacted with NbPLDα1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6K2 of Turnip mosaic virus and p33 of Tomato bushy stunt virus also interacted with NbPLDα1”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Turnip mosaic virus 6K2 induced MAPK-mediated immunity.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Interactor
- Turnip mosaic virusTurnip mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- activation of MAPK-mediated immunitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6K2 of Turnip mosaic virus and p33 of Tomato bushy stunt virus also interacted with NbPLDα1 and induced the activation of MAPK-mediated immunity”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato bushy stunt virus p33 induced MAPK-mediated immunity.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Interactor
- Tomato bushy stunt virusTomato bushy stunt viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- activation of MAPK-mediated immunitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6K2 of Turnip mosaic virus and p33 of Tomato bushy stunt virus also interacted with NbPLDα1 and induced the activation of MAPK-mediated immunity”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
NbPLDα1 loss of function inhibited virus-induced MAPK activation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- Loss of function of NbPLDα1e0
- Gene
- NbPLDα1e0
- Outcome
- virus-induced activation of MAPK cascadese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Loss of function of NbPLDα1 inhibited virus-induced activation of MAPK cascades”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
NbPLDα1 loss of function promoted viral RNA accumulation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- Loss of function of NbPLDα1e0
- Gene
- NbPLDα1e0
- Outcome
- viral RNA accumulatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Loss of function of NbPLDα1 inhibited virus-induced activation of MAPK cascades and promoted viral RNA accumulation”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
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