Abstract
A field study was carried out during the rainy (kharif) season of 2019–20 at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the effect of nitrogen and weed management practices in dry direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) for obtaining higher productivity and crop growth. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, taking 3 nitrogen treatments, i.e. No N (P and K only), recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF–N : P : K = 80 : 17 : 33 kg/ha) (3 splits of nitrogen application–50% basal + 25% at tillering + 25% at panicle-initiation stage), 50% N from FYM + 50% N as real-time nitrogen management (top-dressing) as per leaf colour chart (LCC) up to panicle-initiation stage in main plots. Four weed-management treatments, viz. unweeded control, weed-free control, Pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence followed by (fb) brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight; Syn. S. aculeata [(Willd.) Pers.] (knocking down Sesbania by Bispyribac- Na 25 g a.i./ha at 25 days after sowing (DAS), Pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence fb Bispyribac -Na @ 25 g a.i./ha at 25 DAS in subplots with 3 replications. Result revealed that, Pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence fb brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosa significantly increased grain yield (2.78 t/ha) as well as growth indices like leaf-area index (1.8 and 4.4 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), crop-growth rate (1.9 g/m2 /day, 8.8 g/m2 /day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.3 mg/g/day and 54.5 mg/g/day 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), net assimilation rate (0.40 g/m2 /day 3.49 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (185.6 g/m2 , 591.6 g/m2 and 1,144 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) to the other treatments. In case of N-management practices, combined use of FYM and LCC-based N management gave the highest grain yield (3.25 t/ha), growth indices like leaf-area index (1.69 and 4.0 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS respectively) crop-growth rate (1.8 g/m2/day, 8.2 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.1 mg/g/day and 55.1 mg/g/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (168.5 g/m2 , 523.2 g/m2 and 958 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) comparable with RDF application and significantly higher than the plot without N.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin followed by Sesbania brown manuring significantly increased rice grain yield to 2.78 t/ha.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence fb brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosae0
- Interactor
- Sesbania bispinosa
Sesbania bispinosae0weed - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.78 t/hae0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence fb brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosa significantly increased grain yield (2.78 t/ha)”
t0“rice”
e1“fb brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosa significantly increased”
e2“significantly increased grain yield (2.78 t/ha) as well as growth indices like leaf-area index (1.8 and 4.4 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), crop-growth rate (1.9 g/m2 /day, 8.8 g/m2 /day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.3 mg/g/day and 54.5 mg/g/day 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), net assimilation rate (0.40 g/m2 /day 3.49 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (185.6 g/m2 , 591.6 g/m2 and 1,144 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) to the other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The weed treatment increased leaf-area index to 1.8 at 40 DAS and 4.4 at 70 DAS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosae1
- Outcome
- leaf-area indexe0
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 1.8 and 4.4e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf-area index (1.8 and 4.4 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively)”
t0“rice”
e1“fb brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosa significantly increased”
e2“significantly increased grain yield (2.78 t/ha) as well as growth indices like leaf-area index (1.8 and 4.4 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), crop-growth rate (1.9 g/m2 /day, 8.8 g/m2 /day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.3 mg/g/day and 54.5 mg/g/day 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), net assimilation rate (0.40 g/m2 /day 3.49 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (185.6 g/m2 , 591.6 g/m2 and 1,144 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) to the other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The weed treatment increased crop-growth rate to 1.9 and 8.8 g/m2 /day at 40 and 70 DAS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosae1
- Outcome
- crop-growth ratee0
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 1.9 g/m2 /day, 8.8 g/m2 /daye0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crop-growth rate (1.9 g/m2 /day, 8.8 g/m2 /day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively)”
t0“rice”
e1“fb brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosa significantly increased”
e2“significantly increased grain yield (2.78 t/ha) as well as growth indices like leaf-area index (1.8 and 4.4 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), crop-growth rate (1.9 g/m2 /day, 8.8 g/m2 /day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.3 mg/g/day and 54.5 mg/g/day 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), net assimilation rate (0.40 g/m2 /day 3.49 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (185.6 g/m2 , 591.6 g/m2 and 1,144 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) to the other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The weed treatment increased relative growth rate to 145.3 and 54.5 mg/g/day at 40 and 70 DAS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosae1
- Outcome
- relative growth ratee0
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 145.3 mg/g/day and 54.5 mg/g/daye0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative growth rate (145.3 mg/g/day and 54.5 mg/g/day 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively)”
t0“rice”
e1“fb brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosa significantly increased”
e2“significantly increased grain yield (2.78 t/ha) as well as growth indices like leaf-area index (1.8 and 4.4 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), crop-growth rate (1.9 g/m2 /day, 8.8 g/m2 /day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.3 mg/g/day and 54.5 mg/g/day 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), net assimilation rate (0.40 g/m2 /day 3.49 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (185.6 g/m2 , 591.6 g/m2 and 1,144 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) to the other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The weed treatment increased net assimilation rate to 0.40 and 3.49 g/m2/day at 40 and 70 DAS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosae1
- Outcome
- net assimilation ratee0
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 0.40 g/m2 /day 3.49 g/m2/daye0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net assimilation rate (0.40 g/m2 /day 3.49 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively)”
t0“rice”
e1“fb brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosa significantly increased”
e2“significantly increased grain yield (2.78 t/ha) as well as growth indices like leaf-area index (1.8 and 4.4 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), crop-growth rate (1.9 g/m2 /day, 8.8 g/m2 /day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.3 mg/g/day and 54.5 mg/g/day 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), net assimilation rate (0.40 g/m2 /day 3.49 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (185.6 g/m2 , 591.6 g/m2 and 1,144 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) to the other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The weed treatment increased dry-matter accumulation at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvest.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosae1
- Outcome
- dry-matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 185.6 g/m2 , 591.6 g/m2 and 1,144 g/m2e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter accumulation (185.6 g/m2 , 591.6 g/m2 and 1,144 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively)”
t0“rice”
e1“fb brown manuring with Sesbania bispinosa significantly increased”
e2“significantly increased grain yield (2.78 t/ha) as well as growth indices like leaf-area index (1.8 and 4.4 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), crop-growth rate (1.9 g/m2 /day, 8.8 g/m2 /day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.3 mg/g/day and 54.5 mg/g/day 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), net assimilation rate (0.40 g/m2 /day 3.49 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (185.6 g/m2 , 591.6 g/m2 and 1,144 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) to the other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined FYM and LCC nitrogen management gave the highest grain yield of 3.25 t/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of FYM and LCC-based N managemente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.25 t/hae0
- Comparator
- plot without Ne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined use of FYM and LCC-based N management gave the highest grain yield (3.25 t/ha)”
t0“rice”
e1“combined use of FYM and LCC-based N management gave the highest grain yield (3.25 t/ha), growth indices like leaf-area index (1.69 and 4.0 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS respectively) crop-growth rate (1.8 g/m2/day, 8.2 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.1 mg/g/day and 55.1 mg/g/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (168.5 g/m2 , 523.2 g/m2 and 958 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) comparable with RDF application and significantly higher than the plot without N.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined FYM and LCC nitrogen management produced leaf-area indices of 1.69 and 4.0 at 40 and 70 DAS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of FYM and LCC-based N managemente1
- Outcome
- leaf-area indexe0
- Value
- 1.69 and 4.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf-area index (1.69 and 4.0 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS respectively)”
t0“rice”
e1“combined use of FYM and LCC-based N management gave the highest grain yield (3.25 t/ha), growth indices like leaf-area index (1.69 and 4.0 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS respectively) crop-growth rate (1.8 g/m2/day, 8.2 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.1 mg/g/day and 55.1 mg/g/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (168.5 g/m2 , 523.2 g/m2 and 958 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) comparable with RDF application and significantly higher than the plot without N.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined FYM and LCC nitrogen management produced crop-growth rates of 1.8 and 8.2 g/m2/day.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of FYM and LCC-based N managemente1
- Outcome
- crop-growth ratee0
- Value
- 1.8 g/m2/day, 8.2 g/m2/daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crop-growth rate (1.8 g/m2/day, 8.2 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively)”
t0“rice”
e1“combined use of FYM and LCC-based N management gave the highest grain yield (3.25 t/ha), growth indices like leaf-area index (1.69 and 4.0 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS respectively) crop-growth rate (1.8 g/m2/day, 8.2 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.1 mg/g/day and 55.1 mg/g/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (168.5 g/m2 , 523.2 g/m2 and 958 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) comparable with RDF application and significantly higher than the plot without N.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined FYM and LCC nitrogen management produced relative growth rates of 145.1 and 55.1 mg/g/day.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of FYM and LCC-based N managemente1
- Outcome
- relative growth ratee0
- Value
- 145.1 mg/g/day and 55.1 mg/g/daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative growth rate (145.1 mg/g/day and 55.1 mg/g/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively)”
t0“rice”
e1“combined use of FYM and LCC-based N management gave the highest grain yield (3.25 t/ha), growth indices like leaf-area index (1.69 and 4.0 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS respectively) crop-growth rate (1.8 g/m2/day, 8.2 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.1 mg/g/day and 55.1 mg/g/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (168.5 g/m2 , 523.2 g/m2 and 958 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) comparable with RDF application and significantly higher than the plot without N.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined FYM and LCC nitrogen management produced dry matter accumulation of 168.5, 523.2 and 958 g/m2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of FYM and LCC-based N managemente1
- Outcome
- dry-matter accumulatione0
- Value
- 168.5 g/m2 , 523.2 g/m2 and 958 g/m2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter accumulation (168.5 g/m2 , 523.2 g/m2 and 958 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively)”
t0“rice”
e1“combined use of FYM and LCC-based N management gave the highest grain yield (3.25 t/ha), growth indices like leaf-area index (1.69 and 4.0 at 40 DAS and 70 DAS respectively) crop-growth rate (1.8 g/m2/day, 8.2 g/m2/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively), relative growth rate (145.1 mg/g/day and 55.1 mg/g/day at 40 DAS and 70 DAS, respectively) and dry-matter accumulation (168.5 g/m2 , 523.2 g/m2 and 958 g/m2 at 40 DAS, 70 DAS and harvesting, respectively) comparable with RDF application and significantly higher than the plot without N.”
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