Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2015–16 and 2016–17 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to evaluate the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) and carryover weed management on weed interference and crop productivity of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Poal] in an onion (Allium cepa L.)–wheat system. Three conventional and conservation tillage and 7 weed-management treatments were laid out in a split-plot design, with 3 replications. The CA-based zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R) resulted in significant reduction in total weed density and biomass compared to conventional till flat bed (CTFB), which led to higher weed control efficiency (11%), grain (4.02 t/ha) and straw yield (4.24 t/ha), and net returns 46000 `/ha in the year 2016–17. The zero-till flat bed with residue (ZTFB + R) and ZTRB + R led to an increase in wheat grain yield by 5.1 and 3.6%, and net returns by 28 and 18% than CTFB respectively. Among the herbicidal treatments, the pendimethalin followed by (fb) ethoxysulfuron resulted in the highest reduction in weed density (29 and 34%) and weed dry weight (55 and 56%) in both years, and the pendimethalin fb quizalofop was comparable with it in these regards. The pendimethalin fb quizalofop- or ethoxysulfuron- treated plots provided higher wheat grain yield (4.24 t/ha), net returns 49000 `/ha and net benefit: cost (B: C) in the year 2016–17. The pendimethalin fb ethoxysulfuron had higher residual effect on weeds in wheat but inflicted severe phytotoxicity to onion in previous season that reduced onion yield significantly. Therefore, the pendimethalin fb quizalofop application to onion is most preferred considering onion and wheat crops safety and may be adopted under zero-till raised-bed for higher productivity and profitability in onion–wheat cropping system.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
ZTRB plus residue reduced weed density and biomass versus conventional flat bed.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R)e0
- Outcome
- total weed density and biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- conventional till flat bed (CTFB)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CA-based zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R) resulted in significant reduction in total weed density and biomass compared to conventional till flat bed (CTFB)”
e1“crop productivity of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTRB plus residue gave weed control efficiency of 11%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R)e1
- Outcome
- weed control efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 11%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher weed control efficiency (11%)”
e1“zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R)”
e2“crop productivity of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTRB plus residue produced 4.02 t/ha grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R)e1
- Outcome
- graine0
- Value
- 4.02 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain (4.02 t/ha) and straw yield (4.24 t/ha)”
e1“zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R)”
e2“crop productivity of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTRB plus residue produced 4.24 t/ha straw yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R)e1
- Outcome
- straw yielde0
- Value
- 4.24 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw yield (4.24 t/ha)”
e1“zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R)”
e2“crop productivity of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTRB plus residue gave net returns of 46000 per hectare in 2016–17.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R)e1
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Value
- 46000 `/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net returns 46000 `/ha in the year 2016–17”
e1“zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R)”
e2“crop productivity of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTFB plus residue increased wheat grain yield by 5.1% versus CTFB.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- zero-till flat bed with residue (ZTFB + R)e0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 5.1e0
- Comparator
- CTFBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The zero-till flat bed with residue (ZTFB + R) and ZTRB + R led to an increase in wheat grain yield by 5.1 and 3.6%, and net returns by 28 and 18% than CTFB respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTRB plus residue increased wheat grain yield by 3.6% versus CTFB.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- ZTRB + Re0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 3.6%e0
- Comparator
- CTFBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The zero-till flat bed with residue (ZTFB + R) and ZTRB + R led to an increase in wheat grain yield by 5.1 and 3.6%, and net returns by 28 and 18% than CTFB respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTFB plus residue increased net returns by 28% versus CTFB.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- zero-till flat bed with residue (ZTFB + R)e0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 28e0
- Comparator
- CTFBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The zero-till flat bed with residue (ZTFB + R) and ZTRB + R led to an increase in wheat grain yield by 5.1 and 3.6%, and net returns by 28 and 18% than CTFB respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTRB plus residue increased net returns by 18% versus CTFB.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- ZTRB + Re0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- CTFBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The zero-till flat bed with residue (ZTFB + R) and ZTRB + R led to an increase in wheat grain yield by 5.1 and 3.6%, and net returns by 28 and 18% than CTFB respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin followed by ethoxysulfuron reduced weed density most, by 29% in one year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- pendimethalin followed by (fb) ethoxysulfurone0
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 29e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pendimethalin followed by (fb) ethoxysulfuron resulted in the highest reduction in weed density (29 and 34%) and weed dry weight (55 and 56%) in both years”
e1“crop productivity of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The same herbicide sequence reduced weed density by 34% in the other year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- pendimethalin followed by (fb) ethoxysulfurone0
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 34%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pendimethalin followed by (fb) ethoxysulfuron resulted in the highest reduction in weed density (29 and 34%) and weed dry weight (55 and 56%) in both years”
e1“crop productivity of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The same herbicide sequence reduced weed dry weight by 55% in one year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- pendimethalin followed by (fb) ethoxysulfurone0
- Outcome
- weed dry weighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 55e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pendimethalin followed by (fb) ethoxysulfuron resulted in the highest reduction in weed density (29 and 34%) and weed dry weight (55 and 56%) in both years”
e1“crop productivity of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The same herbicide sequence reduced weed dry weight by 56% in the other year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- pendimethalin followed by (fb) ethoxysulfurone0
- Outcome
- weed dry weighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pendimethalin followed by (fb) ethoxysulfuron resulted in the highest reduction in weed density (29 and 34%) and weed dry weight (55 and 56%) in both years”
e1“crop productivity of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin followed by quizalofop was comparable for weed reduction.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- pendimethalin fb quizalofope0
- Outcome
- weed densitye1
- Direction
- comparablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pendimethalin fb quizalofop was comparable with it in these regards”
e1“reduction in weed density”
e2“crop productivity of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Quizalofop or ethoxysulfuron after pendimethalin gave wheat grain yield of 4.24 t/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin fb quizalofop- or ethoxysulfuron-e0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.24 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pendimethalin fb quizalofop- or ethoxysulfuron- treated plots provided higher wheat grain yield (4.24 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
These herbicide plots gave net returns of 49000 per hectare and higher benefit:cost.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- pendimethalin fb quizalofop- or ethoxysulfuron- treated plotse1
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Value
- 49000 `/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net returns 49000 `/ha and net benefit: cost (B: C) in the year 2016–17”
e1“pendimethalin fb quizalofop- or ethoxysulfuron- treated plots”
e2“higher wheat grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin followed by ethoxysulfuron had higher residual control of weeds in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin fb ethoxysulfurone0
- Outcome
- residual effect on weedse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pendimethalin fb ethoxysulfuron had higher residual effect on weeds in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethoxysulfuron sequence caused severe onion phytotoxicity and significantly reduced onion yield.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae0 - Treatment
- pendimethalin fb ethoxysulfurone1
- Outcome
- onion yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- severe phytotoxicitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inflicted severe phytotoxicity to onion in previous season that reduced onion yield significantly”
e1“pendimethalin fb ethoxysulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors prefer pendimethalin followed by quizalofop on onion under zero-till raised beds.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin fb quizalofop applicatione0
- Outcome
- may be adopted under zero-till raised-bed for higher productivity and profitabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pendimethalin fb quizalofop application to onion is most preferred considering onion and wheat crops safety and may be adopted under zero-till raised-bed for higher productivity and profitability in onion–wheat cropping system”
The same questions in other papers
pendimethalin · yield · Allium cepa (onion)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 34 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →pendimethalin · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
45 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
44 papers more in this group
See all 48 papers →Ethoxysulfuron · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Ethoxysulfuron · yield · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
tillage · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
125 papers in the same direction as this paper · 56 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
179 papers more in this group
See all 183 papers →organic · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
24 papers more in this group
See all 28 papers →tillage · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1,115 papers in the same direction as this paper · 257 in the opposite direction · 41 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
1,410 papers more in this group
See all 1,414 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.