Abstract
Several microbes that cause plant diseases drastically lower the production of agriculture and jeopardize the safety of the world’s food supply. As a result, sustainable agriculture requires disease management tactics based on modern, eco-friendly techniques as alternatives to various agrochemicals. The current study aimed to assess the antifungal activity of ZnO-nanoparticles against Fusarium solani in-vitro, and the ability of two antagonistic Trichoderma isolates, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum, to produce antifungal secondary metabolites and identify them using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and to evaluate the combined effects of foliar spray of ZnO-nanoparticles and bioprimed seeds of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with two antagonistic Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium solani in greenhouse conditions. The results revealed that, in-vitro, the highest concentration of ZnO nanoparticles (3000 ppm) resulted in the greatest decrease in Fusarium solani mycelial growth (90.91% inhibition). The scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the evident distortion in Fusarium solani growing mycelia treated with ZnO-nanoparticles, which might be the source of growth suppression. Additionally, twenty-eight bioactive chemical compounds were isolated and identified from Trichoderma spp. ethyl acetate crude extracts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In a greenhouse experiment, the combination of bioprimed cherry tomato plants with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles at 3000 ppm was the most effective interaction treatment for reducing disease severity index (23.4%) and improving the vegetative growth parameters, micronutrient contents (Mn, Zn, and Fe in leaves), and chlorophyll content (SPAD unit), as well as stimulating phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity of cherry tomato leaves at 75 days after sowing. In conclusion, the antifungal potential of seed-biopriming with antagonistic Trichoderma isolates and the foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles can boost cherry tomato growth and confer resistance to Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium solani.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
At 3000 ppm, ZnO nanoparticles inhibited Fusarium solani mycelial growth by 90.91% in vitro.
- Taxon
- cherry tomato
Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformee1 - Treatment
- ZnO nanoparticles (3000 ppm)e0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- Fusarium solani mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- greatest decreasee0
- Value
- 90.91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“in-vitro, the highest concentration of ZnO nanoparticles (3000 ppm) resulted in the greatest decrease in Fusarium solani mycelial growth (90.91% inhibition)”
e1“cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticle treatment distorted growing Fusarium solani mycelia.
- Taxon
- cherry tomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformee1
- Treatment
- ZnO-nanoparticlese0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- distortion in Fusarium solani growing myceliae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the evident distortion in Fusarium solani growing mycelia treated with ZnO-nanoparticles”
e1“cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-eight bioactive compounds were identified from Trichoderma extracts.
- Taxon
- cherry tomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformee1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma spp.
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- bioactive chemical compoundse0
- Value
- twenty-eighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“twenty-eight bioactive chemical compounds were isolated and identified from Trichoderma spp. ethyl acetate crude extracts”
e1“cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Trichoderma harzianum biopriming and 3000 ppm ZnO spray reduced tomato Fusarium wilt severity to 23.4%.
- Taxon
- cherry tomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformee0
- Treatment
- bioprimed cherry tomato plants with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles at 3000 ppme0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease severity indexe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 23.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of bioprimed cherry tomato plants with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles at 3000 ppm was the most effective interaction treatment for reducing disease severity index (23.4%)”
e1“Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium solani”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment improved tomato vegetative growth parameters.
- Taxon
- cherry tomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformee0
- Treatment
- bioprimed cherry tomato plants with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles at 3000 ppme0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- vegetative growth parameterse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of bioprimed cherry tomato plants with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles at 3000 ppm was the most effective interaction treatment for reducing disease severity index (23.4%) and improving the vegetative growth parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment improved leaf Mn, Zn, and Fe contents.
- Taxon
- cherry tomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformee0
- Treatment
- bioprimed cherry tomato plants with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles at 3000 ppme0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- micronutrient contents (Mn, Zn, and Fe in leaves)e0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of bioprimed cherry tomato plants with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles at 3000 ppm was the most effective interaction treatment for reducing disease severity index (23.4%) and improving the vegetative growth parameters, micronutrient contents (Mn, Zn, and Fe in leaves)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment improved tomato leaf chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- cherry tomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformee1
- Treatment
- bioprimed cherry tomato plants with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles at 3000 ppme1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content (SPAD unit)e0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improving the vegetative growth parameters, micronutrient contents (Mn, Zn, and Fe in leaves), and chlorophyll content (SPAD unit)”
e1“bioprimed cherry tomato plants with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles at 3000 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment stimulated phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in tomato leaves at 75 days.
- Taxon
- cherry tomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformee0
- Treatment
- bioprimed cherry tomato plants with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles at 3000 ppme1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyasee0
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activitye0
- Direction
- stimulatinge0
- Qualifier
- 75 days after sowinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stimulating phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity of cherry tomato leaves at 75 days after sowing”
e1“bioprimed cherry tomato plants with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying of ZnO-nanoparticles at 3000 ppm”
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See all 69 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.