Abstract
The current research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of clove and thyme essential oils (emulsion and nanoemulsion) and two biocides (Bio-Arc and Bio-Zeid) as fungicidal alternatives for the management of tomato early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani. The images obtained by transmission electron microscopy showed the stability of the prepared clove and thyme oil nanoemulsions after 12 weeks of storage at room temperature (27°C) in spherical form and di-disperse or mildly mono. The droplet size of clove essential oil nanoemulsion ranged between 36.0 and 51.3 nm, and between 25.1 and 44.6 nm in the case of thyme. In vitro tests, clove oil nanoemulsion at a concentration of 6000 μg/ml was the most effective treatment, which completely inhibited the mycelial growth of A. solani. In greenhouse and field conditions during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons, Bioxan 72% was the most effective treatment for reducing disease severity, followed by clove and thyme oil nanoemulsion, clove emulsion, and Bio-Zeid. Under field conditions, clove and thyme oil nanoemulsions had superiority for increasing no. of fruits/plant, mean of fruits weight/ plant, plant height, and tomato yield, followed by clove emulsion and Bio-Zeid in both growing seasons. On the other hand, clove and thyme oil nanoemulsions had superior activity for increasing peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, catalase, β-1, 3 glucanase, and chitinase compared to the other treatments. Therefore, it could be suggested that clove and thyme oil nanoemulsion, clove emulsion, and Bio-Zeid could be used for controlling tomato early blight disease.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Clove oil nanoemulsion completely inhibited A. solani mycelial growth at 6000 μg/ml.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- clove oil nanoemulsion at a concentration of 6000 μg/mle0
- Interactor
- A. solani
Alternaria solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- mycelial growth of A. solanie0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove oil nanoemulsion at a concentration of 6000 μg/ml was the most effective treatment, which completely inhibited the mycelial growth of A. solani”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioxan 72% most reduced disease severity in greenhouse and field seasons.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Bioxan 72%e0
- Interactor
- Alternaria solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasonse0
- Comparator
- clove and thyme oil nanoemulsion, clove emulsion, and Bio-Zeide0
- Setting
- greenhouse and field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In greenhouse and field conditions during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons, Bioxan 72% was the most effective treatment for reducing disease severity, followed by clove and thyme oil nanoemulsion, clove emulsion, and Bio-Zeid”
t0“tomato”
e1“tomato early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove and thyme oil nanoemulsions led the treatments for fruit number, mean fruit weight, plant height and yield in both field seasons.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- clove and thyme oil nanoemulsionse0
- Outcome
- no. of fruits/plant, mean of fruits weight/ plant, plant height, and tomato yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- in both growing seasonse0
- Comparator
- clove emulsion and Bio-Zeide0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, clove and thyme oil nanoemulsions had superiority for increasing no. of fruits/plant, mean of fruits weight/ plant, plant height, and tomato yield, followed by clove emulsion and Bio-Zeid in both growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove and thyme oil nanoemulsions most increased peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and catalase activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- clove and thyme oil nanoemulsionse0
- Outcome
- peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, catalasee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- the other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove and thyme oil nanoemulsions had superior activity for increasing peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, catalase, β-1, 3 glucanase, and chitinase compared to the other treatments”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove and thyme oil nanoemulsions most increased β-1, 3 glucanase and chitinase activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- clove and thyme oil nanoemulsionse0
- Outcome
- β-1, 3 glucanase, and chitinasee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- the other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove and thyme oil nanoemulsions had superior activity for increasing peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, catalase, β-1, 3 glucanase, and chitinase compared to the other treatments”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest clove and thyme oil nanoemulsions for early blight control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- Alternaria solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Outcome
- clove and thyme oil nanoemulsione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove and thyme oil nanoemulsion, clove emulsion, and Bio-Zeid could be used for controlling tomato early blight disease”
e1“tomato early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest clove emulsion for early blight control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- clove emulsione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove and thyme oil nanoemulsion, clove emulsion, and Bio-Zeid could be used for controlling tomato early blight disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest Bio-Zeid for early blight control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Bio-Zeide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove and thyme oil nanoemulsion, clove emulsion, and Bio-Zeid could be used for controlling tomato early blight disease”
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