Abstract
The duration and intensity of freezing stress are the most critical factors determining injury in autumn chickpeas, limiting their production and development. To evaluate the effects of freezing temperature and duration on the survival rate (SU%), as well as the physiological and biochemical characteristics of autumn chickpea seedlings, a study was conducted using five different temperatures (0, -6, -8, -10, and -12°C) and five different durations (1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, and 5 h) of exposure to freezing stress. The SU% of chickpea seedlings decreased to zero after exposure to temperatures of -10°C and -12°C for 5 hours. As the temperature decreased from -8°C to -12°C and the duration of exposure to freezing stress increased from 1 to 5 hours, the leaf membrane stability index decreased by 33%, 48%, 46%, 57%, and 58%, respectively. The highest and lowest total pigment contents were observed after 1 hour at 0°C and 5 hours at -12°C, respectively. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv'/Fm') was not affected by temperatures as low as -8°C in any of the time treatments during the recovery period. However, this parameter's value decreased as the freezing stress duration increased. At -12°C, the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and peroxidase increased by 44.6%, 38.3%, and 33.0%, respectively, as the duration of stress was increased from 1 hour to 5 hours. A positive and significant correlation was observed between plant dry weight, membrane stability index, photosynthetic pigment content, and Fv'/Fm' with SU% after exposure to freezing stress. The minimum temperature and the maximum duration of freezing stress tolerance in chickpea seedlings were observed at -12°C for two hours. Our findings confirm that prolonging the freezing duration disrupts the defense mechanisms of chickpea seedlings. Therefore, future studies on breeding chickpeas tolerant to freezing stress should concentrate on attributes strongly correlated with SU%.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Survival fell to zero at -10°C for five hours.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- -10°Ce0
- Outcome
- SU%e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- zeroe0
- Qualifier
- 5 hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SU% of chickpea seedlings decreased to zero after exposure to temperatures of -10°C and -12°C for 5 hours.”
Claim · model-written summary
Survival fell to zero at -12°C for five hours.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- -12°Ce0
- Outcome
- SU%e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- zeroe0
- Qualifier
- 5 hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SU% of chickpea seedlings decreased to zero after exposure to temperatures of -10°C and -12°C for 5 hours.”
Claim · model-written summary
Membrane stability decreased by 33% as freezing intensified; the value-to-condition mapping is unclear.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- freezing stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Qualifier
- from -8°C to -12°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the temperature decreased from -8°C to -12°C and the duration of exposure to freezing stress increased from 1 to 5 hours, the leaf membrane stability index decreased by 33%, 48%, 46%, 57%, and 58%, respectively.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Membrane stability decreased by 48% as freezing intensified; the value-to-condition mapping is unclear.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- freezing stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 48%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the temperature decreased from -8°C to -12°C and the duration of exposure to freezing stress increased from 1 to 5 hours, the leaf membrane stability index decreased by 33%, 48%, 46%, 57%, and 58%, respectively.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Membrane stability decreased by 46% as freezing intensified; the value-to-condition mapping is unclear.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- freezing stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 46%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the temperature decreased from -8°C to -12°C and the duration of exposure to freezing stress increased from 1 to 5 hours, the leaf membrane stability index decreased by 33%, 48%, 46%, 57%, and 58%, respectively.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Membrane stability decreased by 57% as freezing intensified; the value-to-condition mapping is unclear.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- freezing stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 57%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the temperature decreased from -8°C to -12°C and the duration of exposure to freezing stress increased from 1 to 5 hours, the leaf membrane stability index decreased by 33%, 48%, 46%, 57%, and 58%, respectively.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Membrane stability decreased by 58% as freezing intensified; the value-to-condition mapping is unclear.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- freezing stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 58%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the temperature decreased from -8°C to -12°C and the duration of exposure to freezing stress increased from 1 to 5 hours, the leaf membrane stability index decreased by 33%, 48%, 46%, 57%, and 58%, respectively.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigment content was highest after one hour at 0°C.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- 1 hour at 0°Ce0
- Outcome
- total pigment contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest and lowest total pigment contents were observed after 1 hour at 0°C and 5 hours at -12°C, respectively.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigment content was lowest after five hours at -12°C.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- 5 hours at -12°Ce0
- Outcome
- total pigment contentse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest and lowest total pigment contents were observed after 1 hour at 0°C and 5 hours at -12°C, respectively.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosystem II efficiency was unaffected down to -8°C during recovery across time treatments.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- temperatures as low as -8°Ce0
- Outcome
- maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv'/Fm')e0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- during the recovery periode0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv'/Fm') was not affected by temperatures as low as -8°C in any of the time treatments during the recovery period.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosystem II efficiency decreased with increasing freezing duration.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- freezing stress duratione0
- Outcome
- maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv'/Fm')e1
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, this parameter's value decreased as the freezing stress duration increased.”
e1“The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv'/Fm') was not affected by temperatures as low as -8°C in any of the time treatments during the recovery period.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate peroxidase activity rose 44.6% from one to five hours at -12°C.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- 5 hourse0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44.6%e0
- Qualifier
- At -12°Ce0
- Comparator
- 1 houre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At -12°C, the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and peroxidase increased by 44.6%, 38.3%, and 33.0%, respectively, as the duration of stress was increased from 1 hour to 5 hours.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity rose 38.3% from one to five hours at -12°C.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- 5 hourse0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38.3%e0
- Qualifier
- At -12°Ce0
- Comparator
- 1 houre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At -12°C, the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and peroxidase increased by 44.6%, 38.3%, and 33.0%, respectively, as the duration of stress was increased from 1 hour to 5 hours.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase activity rose 33.0% from one to five hours at -12°C.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- 5 hourse0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33.0%e0
- Qualifier
- At -12°Ce0
- Comparator
- 1 houre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At -12°C, the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and peroxidase increased by 44.6%, 38.3%, and 33.0%, respectively, as the duration of stress was increased from 1 hour to 5 hours.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry weight, membrane stability and pigment content correlated positively and significantly with survival.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- plant dry weight, membrane stability index, photosynthetic pigment contente0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Comparator
- SU%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A positive and significant correlation was observed between plant dry weight, membrane stability index, photosynthetic pigment content, and Fv'/Fm' with SU% after exposure to freezing stress.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosystem II efficiency correlated positively and significantly with survival.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- Fv'/Fm'e0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Comparator
- SU%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A positive and significant correlation was observed between plant dry weight, membrane stability index, photosynthetic pigment content, and Fv'/Fm' with SU% after exposure to freezing stress.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The minimum temperature and maximum tolerated freezing duration were -12°C for two hours.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- freezing stress tolerancee0
- Value
- -12°C for two hourse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The minimum temperature and the maximum duration of freezing stress tolerance in chickpea seedlings were observed at -12°C for two hours.”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged freezing disrupts chickpea seedling defense mechanisms.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- prolonging the freezing duratione0
- Outcome
- defense mechanismse0
- Direction
- disruptse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our findings confirm that prolonging the freezing duration disrupts the defense mechanisms of chickpea seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Future freezing-tolerance breeding studies should focus on attributes strongly correlated with survival.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- concentrate on attributes strongly correlated with SU%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, future studies on breeding chickpeas tolerant to freezing stress should concentrate on attributes strongly correlated with SU%.”
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