Abstract
Abstract Dicamba and 2,4-D are postemergence herbicides widely used to control broadleaf weed species in crop and non-crop areas in the United States. Currently, multiple formulations of 2,4-D and dicamba are available on the market. Even though the active ingredient is the same, the chemical formulation may vary, which can influence the volatility potential of these herbicides. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the response of soybean, cotton, and tobacco plants exposed to vapors of 2,4-D and dicamba formulations alone or mixed in humidomes for 24 h. Humidome studies were conducted in an open pavilion at the Lake Wheeler Turfgrass Field Lab of the North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC. Dicamba and mixture treatments injured and caused a reduction in the height of soybean. Injury varied from 55% to 70%, and average plant height was 8.8 cm shorter compared with untreated control plants. Treatments with 2,4-D caused the least injury to soybean (≤21%), and differences among formulations were identified (dimethylamine > choline > dimethylamine-monomethylamine). However, soybean height was not affected by 2,4-D treatments. No differences between treatments were observed when herbicides were applied to cotton. The greatest injury to tobacco (23.3%) was caused by dicamba dimethylamine. Overall, the effect of 2,4-D and dicamba vapor was species-specific and formulation-dependent. Additionally, environmental conditions in the humidomes may have played a major role on the outcome of this study.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba and mixtures injured soybean by 55% to 70%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Dicamba and mixture treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Injurye0
- Direction
- injurede0
- Value
- 55% to 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba and mixture treatments injured and caused a reduction in the height of soybean. Injury varied from 55% to 70%”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba and mixtures reduced soybean height by 8.8 cm relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Dicamba and mixture treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Value
- 8.8 cme0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba and mixture treatments injured and caused a reduction in the height of soybean. Injury varied from 55% to 70%, and average plant height was 8.8 cm shorter compared with untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D caused at most 21% soybean injury, the least among treatments.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments with 2,4-D caused the least injury to soybean (≤21%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean injury differed among 2,4-D formulations, ordered dimethylamine, choline, then dimethylamine-monomethylamine.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- differences among formulationse0
- Qualifier
- dimethylamine > choline > dimethylamine-monomethylaminee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“differences among formulations were identified (dimethylamine > choline > dimethylamine-monomethylamine)”
t0“soybean, cotton, and tobacco”
t1“soybean, cotton, and tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D treatments did not affect soybean height.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D treatmentse0
- Outcome
- soybean heighte0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean height was not affected by 2,4-D treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton showed no treatment differences.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- differences between treatmentse0
- Direction
- No differencese0
- Comparator
- treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No differences between treatments were observed when herbicides were applied to cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba dimethylamine caused the greatest tobacco injury, 23.3%.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- dicamba dimethylaminee0
- Outcome
- injury to tobaccoe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 23.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest injury to tobacco (23.3%) was caused by dicamba dimethylamine”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide vapor effects depended on species and formulation.
- Taxon
- soybean, cotton, and tobaccoGossypium hirsutumGlycine maxNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- effect of 2,4-D and dicamba vapore0
- Qualifier
- species-specific and formulation-dependente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect of 2,4-D and dicamba vapor was species-specific and formulation-dependent”
t0“soybean, cotton, and tobacco”
t1“soybean, cotton, and tobacco”
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