Abstract
High temperature frequently occurs during rice’s early grain-filling period in the south of China, negatively affecting rice yield and quality and posing a major threat to local rice production. This experiment researched the influence of 3.5 °C warming during the first 20 grain-filling days on rice yield and quality and emphatically investigated the effects of the low-broadcast nitrogen fertilizer application level (LBN), high-broadcast nitrogen fertilizer application level (HBN) and foliar nitrogen fertilizer application (FN) at heading on the rice organ temperature, leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, yield and grain quality, pasting and thermal properties under high temperature in 2020 and 2022, with a widely planted japonica rice variety, “Wuyunjing31”, in order to explore the practical mitigation measures for reducing the adverse impact of high temperature on rice productivity. The results showed that high temperatures during grain filling increased the rice plant temperature, damaged the chlorophyll fluorescence system and decreased the net photosynthesis rate. This led to a decline in the seed-setting rate and grain weight, resulting in a 7.0% and 13.9% yield loss in 2020 and 2022, respectively. In addition, high temperature caused a decline in the head rice rate and an increase in chalk occurrence and pasting temperature, thereby deteriorating rice grain quality. Under high temperatures, HBN enhanced the rice yield by 3.6% and 13.0% in 2020 and 2022, respectively, while FN enhanced the rice yield by 11.5% in 2022. The increase in yield was linked to the increased seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight. LBN did not significantly affect the rice yield under high temperatures. The positive effects of nitrogen fertilizer measures on rice yield were associated with their role in lowering plant temperature and protection against the damage to the chlorophyll fluorescence system. All three nitrogen application measures generally improved rice milling quality and appearance quality under high temperature, with HBN generally showing the greatest impact. Under high temperature, LBN and FN tended to make the texture of cooked rice softer due to the decreased consistency, retrogradation enthalpy and retrogradation percentage, and this was closely associated with the decline in amylose content. In summary, nitrogen supplementation at the heading could efficiently mitigate the adverse impact of high temperature during the early grain-filling period on rice yield and quality.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature during grain filling increased rice plant temperature.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Organ / stage
- grain fillinge1
- Treatment
- high temperatures during grain fillinge1
- Outcome
- plant temperaturee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“high temperatures during grain filling increased the rice plant temperature, damaged the chlorophyll fluorescence system and decreased the net photosynthesis rate”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature during grain filling damaged the rice chlorophyll fluorescence system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- grain fillinge1
- Treatment
- high temperatures during grain fillinge1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescence systeme1
- Direction
- damagede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“high temperatures during grain filling increased the rice plant temperature, damaged the chlorophyll fluorescence system and decreased the net photosynthesis rate”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature during grain filling decreased rice net photosynthesis rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- grain fillinge1
- Treatment
- high temperatures during grain fillinge1
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis ratee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“high temperatures during grain filling increased the rice plant temperature, damaged the chlorophyll fluorescence system and decreased the net photosynthesis rate”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature during grain filling caused a decline in seed-setting rate and grain weight of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- high temperatures during grain fillinge1
- Outcome
- seed-setting rate and grain weighte2
- Direction
- declinee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“high temperatures during grain filling increased the rice plant temperature, damaged the chlorophyll fluorescence system and decreased the net photosynthesis rate”
e2“This led to a decline in the seed-setting rate and grain weight, resulting in a 7.0% and 13.9% yield loss in 2020 and 2022, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature during grain filling caused a 7.0% rice yield loss in 2020.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- high temperatures during grain fillinge1
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Value
- 7.0%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“high temperatures during grain filling increased the rice plant temperature, damaged the chlorophyll fluorescence system and decreased the net photosynthesis rate”
e2“This led to a decline in the seed-setting rate and grain weight, resulting in a 7.0% and 13.9% yield loss in 2020 and 2022, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature during grain filling caused a 13.9% rice yield loss in 2022.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- high temperatures during grain fillinge1
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Value
- 13.9%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“high temperatures during grain filling increased the rice plant temperature, damaged the chlorophyll fluorescence system and decreased the net photosynthesis rate”
e2“This led to a decline in the seed-setting rate and grain weight, resulting in a 7.0% and 13.9% yield loss in 2020 and 2022, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature during grain filling decreased the head rice rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- high temperaturee1
- Outcome
- head rice ratee1
- Direction
- declinee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“high temperature caused a decline in the head rice rate and an increase in chalk occurrence and pasting temperature, thereby deteriorating rice grain quality”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased chalk occurrence and pasting temperature of rice grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- high temperaturee1
- Outcome
- chalk occurrence and pasting temperaturee1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“high temperature caused a decline in the head rice rate and an increase in chalk occurrence and pasting temperature, thereby deteriorating rice grain quality”
Claim · model-written summary
HBN increased rice yield by 3.6% in 2020 under high temperatures.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- high-broadcast nitrogen fertilizer application levele2
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 3.6%e1
- Qualifier
- Under high temperaturese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under high temperatures, HBN enhanced the rice yield by 3.6% and 13.0% in 2020 and 2022, respectively”
e2“high-broadcast nitrogen fertilizer application level (HBN)”
Claim · model-written summary
HBN increased rice yield by 13.0% in 2022 under high temperatures.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- high-broadcast nitrogen fertilizer application levele2
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 13.0%e1
- Qualifier
- Under high temperaturese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under high temperatures, HBN enhanced the rice yield by 3.6% and 13.0% in 2020 and 2022, respectively”
e2“high-broadcast nitrogen fertilizer application level (HBN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen fertilizer application increased rice yield by 11.5% in 2022 under high temperatures.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- foliar nitrogen fertilizer applicatione2
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 11.5%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“while FN enhanced the rice yield by 11.5% in 2022”
e2“foliar nitrogen fertilizer application (FN) at heading”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in rice yield under nitrogen treatments at high temperature was associated with increased seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- graine1
- Outcome
- seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- increase in yielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature frequently occurs during rice’s early grain-filling period in the south of China”
e1“The increase in yield was linked to the increased seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight”
Claim · model-written summary
LBN did not significantly affect rice yield under high temperatures.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- LBNe1
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“LBN did not significantly affect the rice yield under high temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
The positive yield effects of nitrogen fertilizer measures were associated with lowering plant temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizer measurese1
- Outcome
- plant temperaturee1
- Direction
- loweringe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The positive effects of nitrogen fertilizer measures on rice yield were associated with their role in lowering plant temperature and protection against the damage to the chlorophyll fluorescence system”
Claim · model-written summary
The positive yield effects of nitrogen fertilizer measures were associated with protection against damage to the chlorophyll fluorescence system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizer measurese1
- Outcome
- damage to the chlorophyll fluorescence systeme1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The positive effects of nitrogen fertilizer measures on rice yield were associated with their role in lowering plant temperature and protection against the damage to the chlorophyll fluorescence system”
Claim · model-written summary
All three nitrogen application measures generally improved rice milling quality and appearance quality under high temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- All three nitrogen application measurese1
- Outcome
- rice milling quality and appearance qualitye1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Qualifier
- under high temperaturee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All three nitrogen application measures generally improved rice milling quality and appearance quality under high temperature, with HBN generally showing the greatest impact”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high temperature, HBN generally showed the greatest impact on rice quality among the nitrogen application measures.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- HBNe1
- Outcome
- impacte1
- Direction
- greateste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All three nitrogen application measures generally improved rice milling quality and appearance quality under high temperature, with HBN generally showing the greatest impact”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high temperature, LBN and FN tended to soften cooked rice texture, with decreased consistency, retrogradation enthalpy and retrogradation percentage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- LBN and FNe1
- Outcome
- texture of cooked ricee1
- Direction
- softere1
- Qualifier
- decreased consistency, retrogradation enthalpy and retrogradation percentagee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under high temperature, LBN and FN tended to make the texture of cooked rice softer due to the decreased consistency, retrogradation enthalpy and retrogradation percentage, and this was closely associated with the decline in amylose content”
Claim · model-written summary
The softer cooked rice texture under LBN and FN was closely associated with a decline in amylose content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- LBN and FNe1
- Outcome
- amylose contente1
- Direction
- declinee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under high temperature, LBN and FN tended to make the texture of cooked rice softer due to the decreased consistency, retrogradation enthalpy and retrogradation percentage, and this was closely associated with the decline in amylose content”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen supplementation at heading could mitigate the adverse impact of high temperature on rice yield and quality.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- nitrogen supplementation at the headinge1
- Outcome
- rice yield and qualitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In summary, nitrogen supplementation at the heading could efficiently mitigate the adverse impact of high temperature during the early grain-filling period on rice yield and quality”
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