Abstract
Soybean-wheat is the predominant cropping system covering >2.5 Mha area in India. The lower productivity of soybean-wheat cropping system (SWCS), remains a serious concern primarily due to inadequate nutrient management. Increasing sulfur (S) deficiency is widespread, especially under oilseed-based cropping system. Hence, to standardize the S requirement through customized fertilization, an experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design (RBD) comprised of 12 nutrient sources treatments, replicated thrice. The study aims to evaluate the agronomic performance of sulfonated nitrogen (SN) in comparison to conventional S nutrient sources in SWCS. The maximum soybean productivity was recorded under NPK + S through 40-0-0-13 (SN1), although NPK + 50% S (15 kg/ha) as basal and 50% (15 kg/ha) as top dressing through SN2 10-0-0-75 produced maximum wheat grain yield. When compared with no nitrogen (control), the application of 30 kg S ha −1 to both crops increased the productivity of the soybean-wheat cropping system up to 39%. The maximum system (SWCS) productivity (8.45 tha -1 ) was obtained with the application of 50% S as basal and 50% as top dressing (SN 2 -based), remaining N through urea. The highest sustainable yield index of soybean (SYIS), i.e. 0.90 was under SN1+ remaining N through urea and likewise highest sustainable yield index of wheat (SYIW) was under S splitting. The application of SN also improved the nutrient acquisition and grain quality of soybean and wheat with a positive nutrient balance in the soil. The protein content and yield of soybean and wheat grains also improved. The higher gluten content in wheat grain was produced with 60 kg S ha −1 applied. The agronomic efficiency of N and S (AE N and AEs) were highest under SN 1 and SN 2 , respectively (32.8 kg grain/kg N applied; 15 kg grain/kg S applied) in soybean, however in wheat, S splitting and urea application resulted in highest agronomic efficiency (AE N and AES) of N and S (17.1 kg grain/kg N applied; 22.3 kg grain/kg S applied respectively). Hence splitting of S doses of SN along with urea and recommend P, K was found efficient for the soybean-wheat cropping system.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
SN1 produced maximum soybean productivity.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- NPK + S through 40-0-0-13 (SN1)e0
- Outcome
- soybean productivitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum soybean productivity was recorded under NPK + S through 40-0-0-13 (SN1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Split sulfur supplied through SN2 produced maximum wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- NPK + 50% S (15 kg/ha) as basal and 50% (15 kg/ha) as top dressing through SN2 10-0-0-75e0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK + 50% S (15 kg/ha) as basal and 50% (15 kg/ha) as top dressing through SN2 10-0-0-75 produced maximum wheat grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirty kg S per hectare increased system productivity by up to 39% against no nitrogen.
Verbatim
e0“When compared with no nitrogen (control), the application of 30 kg S ha −1 to both crops increased the productivity of the soybean-wheat cropping system up to 39%”
Claim · model-written summary
Split sulfur with remaining nitrogen as urea yielded the highest system productivity, 8.45 t per hectare.
- Taxon
- soybean-wheatt0
- Treatment
- 50% S as basal and 50% as top dressing (SN 2 -based), remaining N through ureae0
- Outcome
- system (SWCS) productivitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 8.45 tha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The maximum system (SWCS) productivity (8.45 tha -1 ) was obtained with the application of 50% S as basal and 50% as top dressing (SN 2 -based), remaining N through urea”
t0“soybean-wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SN1 with remaining nitrogen as urea gave the highest soybean sustainable yield index, 0.90.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- SN1+ remaining N through ureae0
- Outcome
- sustainable yield index of soybeane0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.90e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest sustainable yield index of soybean (SYIS), i.e. 0.90 was under SN1+ remaining N through urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur splitting gave the highest wheat sustainable yield index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- S splittinge0
- Outcome
- sustainable yield index of wheate0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest sustainable yield index of wheat (SYIW) was under S splitting”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfonated nitrogen improved nutrient acquisition and grain quality in soybean and wheat.
- Taxon
- soybean and wheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SNe0
- Outcome
- nutrient acquisition and grain qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SN also improved the nutrient acquisition and grain quality of soybean and wheat with a positive nutrient balance in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfonated nitrogen left a positive soil nutrient balance.
Verbatim
e0“with a positive nutrient balance in the soil”
t0“soybean-wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean and wheat grain protein content and yield improved.
- Taxon
- soybean and wheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- protein content and yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The protein content and yield of soybean and wheat grains also improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 60 kg S per hectare produced higher wheat grain gluten content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 60 kg S ha −1e0
- Outcome
- gluten content in wheat graine0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The higher gluten content in wheat grain was produced with 60 kg S ha −1 applied”
Claim · model-written summary
SN1 had the highest soybean nitrogen agronomic efficiency, 32.8 kg grain/kg N applied.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- SN 1e0
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency of Ne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 32.8 kg grain/kg N appliede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The agronomic efficiency of N and S (AE N and AEs) were highest under SN 1 and SN 2 , respectively (32.8 kg grain/kg N applied; 15 kg grain/kg S applied) in soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SN2 had the highest soybean sulfur agronomic efficiency, 15 kg grain/kg S applied.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- SN 2e0
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency of N and Se0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 15 kg grain/kg S appliede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The agronomic efficiency of N and S (AE N and AEs) were highest under SN 1 and SN 2 , respectively (32.8 kg grain/kg N applied; 15 kg grain/kg S applied) in soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur splitting and urea gave the highest wheat nitrogen efficiency, 17.1 kg grain/kg N applied.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- S splitting and urea applicatione0
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency (AE N and AES) of Ne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 17.1 kg grain/kg N appliede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in wheat, S splitting and urea application resulted in highest agronomic efficiency (AE N and AES) of N and S (17.1 kg grain/kg N applied; 22.3 kg grain/kg S applied respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur splitting and urea gave the highest wheat sulfur efficiency, 22.3 kg grain/kg S applied.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- S splitting and urea applicatione0
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency (AE N and AES) of N and Se0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 22.3 kg grain/kg S appliede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in wheat, S splitting and urea application resulted in highest agronomic efficiency (AE N and AES) of N and S (17.1 kg grain/kg N applied; 22.3 kg grain/kg S applied respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend splitting SN sulfur doses with urea and recommended P and K for the system.
Verbatim
e0“splitting of S doses of SN along with urea and recommend P, K was found efficient for the soybean-wheat cropping system”
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