Abstract
• AI increases soil C/N mineralization and accelerates organic N turnover, thus enhancing N availability. • Compared to DI, AI promotes root growth, nitrogen uptake, plant nitrogen accumulation, and tomato yield • AI combination with organic fertilizer is recommended for greenhouse tomato. Soil nitrogen (N) is the main limiting nutrient for plant growth, which is sensitive to variations in the soil oxygen environment. To provide insights into plant N accumulation and yield under aerated and drip irrigation, a greenhouse tomato experiment was conducted with six treatments, including three fertilization types: inorganic fertilizer (NPK); organic fertilizer (OM); chemical (75% of applied N)+organic fertilizer (25%) (NPK+OM) under drip irrigation (DI) and aerated irrigation (AI) methods. Under AI, total soil carbon mineralization (C min ) was significantly higher (by 5.7–7.0%) than under DI irrigation. C min in the fertilizer treatments followed the order NPK+OM>OM>NPK under both AI and DI. Potentially mineralizable C (C 0 ) and N (N 0 ) was greater under AI than under DI. Gross N mineralization, gross nitrification, and NH 4 + immobilization rates were significantly higher under the AINPK treatment than the DINPK treatment by 2.58–3.27-, 1.25–1.44-, and 1–1.26-fold, respectively. These findings demonstrated that AI and the addition of organic fertilizer accelerated the turnover of soil organic matter and N transformation processes, thereby enhancing N availability. Moreover, the combination of AI and organic fertilizer application was found to promote root growth (8.4–10.6%), increase the duration of the period of rapid N accumulation (ΔT), and increase the maximum N accumulation rate (V max ), subsequently encouraging aboveground dry matter accumulation. Consequently, the AI treatment yield was significantly greater (by 6.3–12.4%) than under the DI treatment. Further, N partial factor productivity (NPFP) and N harvest index (NHI) were greater under AI than under DI, by 6.3 to 12.4%, and 4.6 to 8.1%, respectively. The rankings of yield and NPFP remained consistent, with NPK+OM>OM>NPK under both AI and DI treatments. These results highlighted the positive impacts of AI and organic fertilizer application on soil N availability, N uptake, and overall crop yield in tomato. The optimal management measure was identified as the AINPK+OM treatment, which led to more efficient N management, better crop growth, higher yield, and more sustainable agricultural practices.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation raised soil carbon mineralization by 5.7–7.0% versus drip irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- AIe0
- Outcome
- total soil carbon mineralizatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.7–7.0%e0
- Comparator
- DI irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under AI, total soil carbon mineralization (C min ) was significantly higher (by 5.7–7.0%) than under DI irrigation.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizer ranked above organic and inorganic fertilizer for carbon mineralization.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK+OMe0
- Outcome
- C mine0
- Direction
- NPK+OM>OM>NPKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C min in the fertilizer treatments followed the order NPK+OM>OM>NPK under both AI and DI.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation increased potentially mineralizable carbon and nitrogen.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AIe0
- Outcome
- Potentially mineralizable C (C 0 ) and N (N 0 )e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- DIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potentially mineralizable C (C 0 ) and N (N 0 ) was greater under AI than under DI.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration with NPK raised gross nitrogen mineralization 2.58–3.27-fold.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AINPK treatmente0
- Outcome
- Gross N mineralizatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.58–3.27-e0
- Comparator
- DINPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gross N mineralization, gross nitrification, and NH 4 + immobilization rates were significantly higher under the AINPK treatment than the DINPK treatment by 2.58–3.27-, 1.25–1.44-, and 1–1.26-fold, respectively.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration with NPK raised gross nitrification 1.25–1.44-fold.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AINPK treatmente0
- Outcome
- gross nitrificatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.25–1.44-e0
- Comparator
- DINPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gross N mineralization, gross nitrification, and NH 4 + immobilization rates were significantly higher under the AINPK treatment than the DINPK treatment by 2.58–3.27-, 1.25–1.44-, and 1–1.26-fold, respectively.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration with NPK raised ammonium immobilization 1–1.26-fold.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AINPK treatmente0
- Outcome
- NH 4 + immobilization ratese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1–1.26-folde0
- Comparator
- DINPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gross N mineralization, gross nitrification, and NH 4 + immobilization rates were significantly higher under the AINPK treatment than the DINPK treatment by 2.58–3.27-, 1.25–1.44-, and 1–1.26-fold, respectively.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration with organic fertilizer promoted root growth by 8.4–10.6%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combination of AI and organic fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- promotee0
- Value
- 8.4–10.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of AI and organic fertilizer application was found to promote root growth (8.4–10.6%)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration with organic fertilizer increased the rapid nitrogen accumulation period.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AI and organic fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- duration of the period of rapid N accumulation (ΔT)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of AI and organic fertilizer application was found to promote root growth (8.4–10.6%), increase the duration of the period of rapid N accumulation (ΔT)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration with organic fertilizer increased maximum nitrogen accumulation rate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combination of AI and organic fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- maximum N accumulation rate (V max )e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of AI and organic fertilizer application was found to promote root growth (8.4–10.6%), increase the duration of the period of rapid N accumulation (ΔT), and increase the maximum N accumulation rate (V max )”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration and organic fertilizer encouraged aboveground dry matter accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combination of AI and organic fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- aboveground dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- encouraginge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of AI and organic fertilizer application was found to promote root growth (8.4–10.6%), increase the duration of the period of rapid N accumulation (ΔT), and increase the maximum N accumulation rate (V max ), subsequently encouraging aboveground dry matter accumulation.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation raised tomato yield by 6.3–12.4% relative to drip irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AI treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 6.3–12.4%e0
- Comparator
- DI treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the AI treatment yield was significantly greater (by 6.3–12.4%) than under the DI treatment.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration raised nitrogen partial factor productivity by 6.3 to 12.4%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AIe0
- Outcome
- N partial factor productivity (NPFP)e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 6.3 to 12.4%e0
- Comparator
- DIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N partial factor productivity (NPFP) and N harvest index (NHI) were greater under AI than under DI, by 6.3 to 12.4%, and 4.6 to 8.1%, respectively.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration raised nitrogen harvest index by 4.6 to 8.1%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AIe0
- Outcome
- N harvest index (NHI)e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 4.6 to 8.1%e0
- Comparator
- DIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N partial factor productivity (NPFP) and N harvest index (NHI) were greater under AI than under DI, by 6.3 to 12.4%, and 4.6 to 8.1%, respectively.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity ranked combined fertilizer above organic above inorganic fertilizer.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- yield and NPFPe0
- Direction
- NPK+OM>OM>NPKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rankings of yield and NPFP remained consistent, with NPK+OM>OM>NPK under both AI and DI treatments.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identified aeration with combined fertilizer as optimal management.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- AINPK+OM treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimal management measure was identified as the AINPK+OM treatment, which led to more efficient N management, better crop growth, higher yield, and more sustainable agricultural practices.”
t0“tomato”
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