Abstract
Abstract Plants experience various age-dependent changes during juvenile to adult vegetative phase. However, the regulatory mechanisms orchestrating the changes remain largely unknown in apple (Malus domestica). This study showed that tissue-cultured apple plants at juvenile, transition, and adult phase exhibit age-dependent changes in their plant growth, photosynthetic performance, hormone levels, and carbon distribution. Moreover, this study identified an age-dependent gene, sorbitol dehydrogenase (MdSDH1), a key enzyme for sorbitol catabolism, highly expressed in the juvenile phase in apple. Silencing MdSDH1 in apple significantly decreased the plant growth and GA3 levels. However, exogenous GA3 rescued the reduced plant growth phenotype of TRV-MdSDH1. Biochemical analysis revealed that MdSPL1 interacts with MdWRKY24 and synergistically enhance the repression of MdSPL1 and MdWRKY24 on MdSDH1, thereby promoting sorbitol accumulation during vegetative phase change. Exogenous sorbitol application indicated that sorbitol promotes the transcription of MdSPL1 and MdWRKY24. Notably, MdSPL1-MdWRKY24 module functions as key repressor to regulate GA-responsive gene, Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated Arabidopsis (MdGASA1) expression, thereby leading to a shift from the quick to the slow-growth strategy. These results reveal the pivotal role of sorbitol in controlling apple plant growth, thereby improving our understanding of vegetative phase change in apple.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Apple plants showed age dependent changes in growth, photosynthesis, hormones and carbon distribution.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Organ / stage
- juvenile, transition, and adult phasee0
- Outcome
- age-dependent changes in their plant growth, photosynthetic performance, hormone levels, and carbon distributione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tissue-cultured apple plants at juvenile, transition, and adult phase exhibit age-dependent changes in their plant growth, photosynthetic performance, hormone levels, and carbon distribution.”
Claim · model-written summary
MdSDH1 was highly expressed in juvenile apple phase.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- juvenile phasee0
- Gene
- sorbitol dehydrogenase (MdSDH1)e0
- Outcome
- highly expressede0
- Direction
- highlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an age-dependent gene, sorbitol dehydrogenase (MdSDH1), a key enzyme for sorbitol catabolism, highly expressed in the juvenile phase in apple.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing MdSDH1 significantly decreased apple growth.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Silencing MdSDH1e0
- Gene
- MdSDH1e0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing MdSDH1 in apple significantly decreased the plant growth and GA3 levels.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing MdSDH1 significantly lowered GA3 levels.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Silencing MdSDH1e0
- Gene
- MdSDH1e0
- Outcome
- GA3 levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing MdSDH1 in apple significantly decreased the plant growth and GA3 levels.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 rescued growth of silenced MdSDH1 apple plants.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- TRV-MdSDH1e0
- Treatment
- exogenous GA3e0
- Outcome
- reduced plant growth phenotypee0
- Direction
- rescuede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous GA3 rescued the reduced plant growth phenotype of TRV-MdSDH1.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdSPL1 interacted with MdWRKY24.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdSPL1e0
- Outcome
- interacts with MdWRKY24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdSPL1 interacts with MdWRKY24”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdSPL1 and MdWRKY24 jointly repressed MdSDH1 and promoted sorbitol accumulation during phase change.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdSPL1 and MdWRKY24e0
- Outcome
- sorbitol accumulation during vegetative phase changee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“synergistically enhance the repression of MdSPL1 and MdWRKY24 on MdSDH1, thereby promoting sorbitol accumulation during vegetative phase change.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied sorbitol promoted MdSPL1 transcription.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- sorbitole0
- Gene
- MdSPL1e0
- Outcome
- transcription of MdSPL1e0
- Direction
- promotese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sorbitol promotes the transcription of MdSPL1 and MdWRKY24.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied sorbitol promoted MdWRKY24 transcription.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sorbitol promotes the transcription of MdSPL1 and MdWRKY24.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The MdSPL1 MdWRKY24 module repressed MdGASA1 expression.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdSPL1-MdWRKY24 modulee0
- Outcome
- Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated Arabidopsis (MdGASA1) expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdSPL1-MdWRKY24 module functions as key repressor to regulate GA-responsive gene, Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated Arabidopsis (MdGASA1) expression”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The regulatory module was linked to a shift from quick to slow growth.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- shift from the quick to the slow-growth strategye0
- Qualifier
- quick to the slow-growth strategye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby leading to a shift from the quick to the slow-growth strategy.”
t0“apple”
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