Abstract
Abstract A field experiment was carried out at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources of the College of Agriculture/University of Diyala in 2022 to study the effect of enriching vermicompost with chemical and biological fertilizers on the growth and yield of sunflower. The vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock gave the highest values in plant height (198.5 cm), chlorophyll (49.76 SPAD), flower disc diameter (25.14 cm), flower disc weight (315.0 g), and weight of 100 seeds (6.065 g), followed by vermicompost with Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus sp compared to vermicompost without addition. Spraying Azotobacter was significantly superior in increasing the previous traits compared with non-spray Azotobacter, which gave the lowest value. Vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock with spraying Azotobacter gave the highest values in previous traits during the interaction, compared to vermicompost without addition and without spraying Azotobacter.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost with urea and phosphate rock gave the highest sunflower plant height.
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rocke0
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 198.5 cme1
- Comparator
- vermicompost without additione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock gave the highest values”
e1“plant height (198.5 cm)”
e2“Bacillus sp compared to vermicompost without addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost with urea and phosphate rock gave the highest chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rocke0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 49.76 SPADe1
- Comparator
- vermicompost without additione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock gave the highest values”
e1“chlorophyll (49.76 SPAD)”
e2“Bacillus sp compared to vermicompost without addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost with urea and phosphate rock gave the largest flower disc diameter.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rocke0
- Outcome
- flower disc diametere1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 25.14 cme1
- Comparator
- vermicompost without additione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock gave the highest values”
e1“flower disc diameter (25.14 cm)”
e2“Bacillus sp compared to vermicompost without addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost with urea and phosphate rock gave the highest flower disc weight.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rocke0
- Outcome
- flower disc weighte1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 315.0 ge1
- Comparator
- vermicompost without additione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock gave the highest values”
e1“flower disc weight (315.0 g)”
e2“Bacillus sp compared to vermicompost without addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost with urea and phosphate rock gave the highest weight of 100 seeds.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rocke0
- Outcome
- weight of 100 seedse1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 6.065 ge1
- Comparator
- vermicompost without additione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock gave the highest values”
e1“weight of 100 seeds (6.065 g)”
e2“Bacillus sp compared to vermicompost without addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost with Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus sp ranked next after the top treatment, relative to unamended vermicompost.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- vermicompost with Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus spe0
- Interactor
- Azotobacter chroococcumAzotobacter chroococcume0other
- Second interactor
- Bacillus spe0other
- Outcome
- followed bye0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Comparator
- vermicompost without additione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“followed by vermicompost with Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus sp compared to vermicompost without addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying Azotobacter was significantly superior in increasing the measured growth and yield traits compared with no Azotobacter spray.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Spraying Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- Azotobacter
Azotobactere0other - Outcome
- previous traitse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- non-spray Azotobactere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Spraying Azotobacter was significantly superior in increasing the previous traits compared with non-spray Azotobacter”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost with urea and phosphate rock plus Azotobacter spraying gave the highest values of the traits in the interaction.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock with spraying Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere0other
- Outcome
- previous traitse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- vermicompost without addition and without spraying Azotobactere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock with spraying Azotobacter gave the highest values in previous traits during the interaction”
e1“vermicompost without addition and without spraying Azotobacter”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
62 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
72 papers more in this group
See all 76 papers →phosphorus · yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
78 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
77 papers more in this group
See all 81 papers →phosphorus · molecular: metabolites · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →nitrogen · molecular: metabolites · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →nitrogen · physiology: pigments · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →fertilization · physiology: pigments · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →fertilization · molecular: metabolites · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →phosphorus · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.