Abstract
We conducted a 3-year (2017-2020) field experiment in the wheat base of Jinzhong Agricultural Hi-tech Industries Demonstration Zone, aiming to determine the measures of nitrogen topdressing and the regulatory effect of cycocel in spring to increase wheat yield. Four nitrogen topdressing dates were set up under the condition of cycocel spraying and control (CK) during the rising period: 10 days (D10), 20 days (D20), 30 days (D30), and 40 days (D40) after regreening stage, to analyze the impact of different N topdressing dates on winter wheat yield and the regulation effect of cycocel on stem characteristics, lignin content and related synthetase activities. The results showed that compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates, D30 increased spike number by 1.4%-5.2%, grain number per spike by 0.4%-12.0%, 1000-grain weight by 1.7%-9.4% and yield 8.8%-22.1% respectively. Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) at 0-21 days and 35-42 days after the formation of the second section and increased that of tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) at 0-42 days after the formation of the second section, and increased the lignin content of stem, the internode quality, and the breaking resistance of stem, reduced plant height, and thereby improved the lodging resistance. However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1% and yield 0.04%-11.3%, but reduced the activities of PAL and TAL at 0-42 days after the formation of the second internode, reduced the lignin content, weakened the stem strength, and increased the risk of lodging. After spraying cycocel, plant height decreased significantly, the activities of PAL and TAL enhanced, the lignin content in internodes increased, the stem strength advanced, and reached a significant level under D30. Under the condition of nitrogen topdressing combined with cycocel spraying in spring, PAL and TAL activities were significantly positively correlated with lignin content. Lignin content was significantly positively correlated with stem breaking resistance. Stem breaking resistance was significantly positively correlated with lodging resistance index. Yield and its components were significantly posi-tively correlated with internode diameter, weight and breaking resistance, and significantly negatively correlated with plant height and internode length. Overall, nitrogen topdressing combined with spraying cycocel 30 days after regreening could promote the synthesis and accumulation of lignin, and improve stem plumpness, plant lodging resistance and yield.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
D30 increased spike number by 1.4% to 5.2%.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- D30e0
- Outcome
- spike numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.4%-5.2%e0
- Comparator
- other nitrogen topdressing datese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“D30 increased spike number by 1.4%-5.2%, grain number per spike by 0.4%-12.0%, 1000-grain weight by 1.7%-9.4% and yield 8.8%-22.1% respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D30 increased grain number per spike by 0.4% to 12.0%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D30e0
- Outcome
- grain number per spikee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.4%-12.0%e0
- Comparator
- other nitrogen topdressing datese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“D30 increased spike number by 1.4%-5.2%, grain number per spike by 0.4%-12.0%, 1000-grain weight by 1.7%-9.4% and yield 8.8%-22.1% respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D30 increased 1000-grain weight by 1.7% to 9.4%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D30e0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.7%-9.4%e0
- Comparator
- other nitrogen topdressing datese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“D30 increased spike number by 1.4%-5.2%, grain number per spike by 0.4%-12.0%, 1000-grain weight by 1.7%-9.4% and yield 8.8%-22.1% respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D30 increased yield by 8.8% to 22.1%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D30e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.8%-22.1%e0
- Comparator
- other nitrogen topdressing datese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“D30 increased spike number by 1.4%-5.2%, grain number per spike by 0.4%-12.0%, 1000-grain weight by 1.7%-9.4% and yield 8.8%-22.1% respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D30 improved PAL activity over D10 and D20.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D30e0
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)e0
- Outcome
- activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 0-21 days and 35-42 days after the formation of the second sectione0
- Comparator
- D10 and D20e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) at 0-21 days and 35-42 days after the formation of the second section”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D30 increased TAL activity over D10 and D20.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D30e2
- Gene
- tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL)e0
- Outcome
- tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 0-42 days after the formation of the second sectione0
- Comparator
- D10 and D20e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased that of tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) at 0-42 days after the formation of the second section”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D30 increased stem lignin content, internode quality and breaking resistance.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Treatment
- D30e2
- Outcome
- lignin content of stem, the internode quality, and the breaking resistance of steme0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- D10 and D20e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the lignin content of stem, the internode quality, and the breaking resistance of stem”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D30 reduced plant height.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D30e2
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- D10 and D20e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced plant height, and thereby improved the lodging resistance.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D30 improved lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D30e2
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- D10 and D20e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced plant height, and thereby improved the lodging resistance.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5% to 10.1%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D40e0
- Outcome
- grain number per spikee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.5%-10.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1% and yield 0.04%-11.3%”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D40 increased yield by 0.04% to 11.3%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D40e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.04%-11.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1% and yield 0.04%-11.3%”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D40 reduced PAL and TAL activities.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D40e3
- Gene
- PAL and TALe0
- Outcome
- activities of PAL and TALe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 0-42 days after the formation of the second internodee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the activities of PAL and TAL at 0-42 days after the formation of the second internode”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D40 reduced lignin content and weakened stem strength.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D40e3
- Outcome
- lignin contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the lignin content, weakened the stem strength, and increased the risk of lodging.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D40 weakened stem strength.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D40e3
- Outcome
- stem strengthe0
- Direction
- weakenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weakened the stem strength, and increased the risk of lodging.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
D40 increased lodging risk.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D40e3
- Outcome
- risk of lodginge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the risk of lodging.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel reduced height and increased PAL and TAL activity and internode lignin.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying cycocele0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After spraying cycocel, plant height decreased significantly, the activities of PAL and TAL enhanced, the lignin content in internodes increased, the stem strength advanced, and reached a significant level under D30.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel enhanced PAL and TAL activities.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying cycocele0
- Gene
- PAL and TALe0
- Outcome
- activities of PAL and TALe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After spraying cycocel, plant height decreased significantly, the activities of PAL and TAL enhanced, the lignin content in internodes increased, the stem strength advanced, and reached a significant level under D30.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel increased internode lignin content.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying cycocele0
- Outcome
- lignin content in internodese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After spraying cycocel, plant height decreased significantly, the activities of PAL and TAL enhanced, the lignin content in internodes increased, the stem strength advanced, and reached a significant level under D30.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel advanced stem strength.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying cycocele0
- Outcome
- stem strengthe0
- Direction
- advancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After spraying cycocel, plant height decreased significantly, the activities of PAL and TAL enhanced, the lignin content in internodes increased, the stem strength advanced, and reached a significant level under D30.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined nitrogen and cycocel, enzyme activities correlated positively with lignin, lignin with stem resistance, stem resistance with lodging resistance, and yield with stem dimensions and resistance but negatively with plant height and internode length.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen topdressing combined with cycocel sprayinge0
- Gene
- PAL and TALe0
- Outcome
- lignin contente0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the condition of nitrogen topdressing combined with cycocel spraying in spring, PAL and TAL activities were significantly positively correlated with lignin content. Lignin content was significantly positively correlated with stem breaking resistance. Stem breaking resistance was significantly positively correlated with lodging resistance index. Yield and its components were significantly posi-tively correlated with internode diameter, weight and breaking resistance, and significantly negatively correlated with plant height and internode length.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“compared to other nitrogen topdressing dates”
e2“Compared to D10 and D20, D30 significantly improved the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e3“However, D40 increased grain number per spike by 4.5%-10.1%”
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