Abstract
ABSTRACT Lodging is one of the main limiting factors threatening crop yields. Although the technology to modify plant morphology and improve lodging resistance using plant growth regulators (PGRs) is well developed, the understanding of the effects and underlying mechanisms of PGRs in regulating stem traits at different growth stages of wheat remains limited. In this study, two cultivars, Shidong 0358 (SD0358, a lodging resistant cultivar) and Xindong 18 (XD18, a lodging‐sensitive cultivar), were used to investigate the effects of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) and gibberellin (GA 3 ) treatment on wheat stem characteristics, lodging resistance, lignin and cellulose biosynthesis processes and yield during the jointing and booting stages. The results showed that in the lodging‐sensitive cultivar (XD18), exogenous CCC treatment (CC) at the jointing and booting stages shortened the second basal internode during the flowering and filling stages, while increasing lignin and hemicellulose content, stem breakage strength and stem lodging resistance index, resulting in a decrease in wheat lodging rate and an increase in total yield, compared with CK. However, exogenous CCC and GA 3 (CG) treatments during the jointing and booting stages increased the height of the gravity centre of wheat, reduced the activity of 4‐Coumaroyl‐CoA and Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase, resulting in a decrease in cellulose and hemicellulose content, thereby increasing lodging rate. Meanwhile, under CC treatment, the lodging‐resistant cultivar (SD0358) showed enhanced stem breakage strength and enhanced yield with advantageous lignin biosynthesis ability. Interestingly, compared to CC, CG treatment showed an increase in cellulose and hemicellulose content in the stem of SD0358 and a further increase in final yield. Overall, the application of CCC during the jointing and booting stages improved stem morphology and quality, thereby enhancing lodging resistance and final grain yield, especially in lodging‐sensitive cultivars. The combined strategy of applying CCC during the jointing stage and GA 3 during the booting stage is an effective chemical regulation method to balance lodging resistance and yield potential in lodging‐resistant cultivars.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
CCC shortened the second basal internode of XD18.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- flowering and filling stagese0
- Treatment
- exogenous CCC treatment (CC)e0
- Outcome
- second basal internodee0
- Direction
- shortenede0
Not reportedMaterialComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous CCC treatment (CC) at the jointing and booting stages shortened the second basal internode during the flowering and filling stages”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC increased lignin and hemicellulose content in XD18.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous CCC treatment (CC)e1
- Outcome
- lignin and hemicellulose contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing lignin and hemicellulose content, stem breakage strength and stem lodging resistance index”
e1“exogenous CCC treatment (CC) at the jointing and booting stages shortened the second basal internode during the flowering and filling stages, while increasing lignin and hemicellulose content, stem breakage strength and stem lodging resistance index”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC increased XD18 stem breakage strength.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous CCC treatment (CC)e1
- Outcome
- stem breakage strengthe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing lignin and hemicellulose content, stem breakage strength and stem lodging resistance index”
e1“exogenous CCC treatment (CC) at the jointing and booting stages shortened the second basal internode during the flowering and filling stages, while increasing lignin and hemicellulose content, stem breakage strength and stem lodging resistance index”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC increased XD18 stem lodging resistance index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous CCC treatment (CC)e1
- Outcome
- stem lodging resistance indexe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing lignin and hemicellulose content, stem breakage strength and stem lodging resistance index”
e1“exogenous CCC treatment (CC) at the jointing and booting stages shortened the second basal internode during the flowering and filling stages, while increasing lignin and hemicellulose content, stem breakage strength and stem lodging resistance index”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC reduced XD18 lodging rate versus CK.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous CCC treatment (CC)e1
- Outcome
- wheat lodging ratee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in a decrease in wheat lodging rate and an increase in total yield, compared with CK.”
e1“exogenous CCC treatment (CC) at the jointing and booting stages”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC increased XD18 total yield versus CK.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous CCC treatment (CC)e1
- Outcome
- total yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in a decrease in wheat lodging rate and an increase in total yield, compared with CK.”
e1“exogenous CCC treatment (CC) at the jointing and booting stages”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC plus GA3 increased wheat gravity-centre height.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous CCC and GA 3 (CG) treatmentse0
- Outcome
- height of the gravity centree0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous CCC and GA 3 (CG) treatments during the jointing and booting stages increased the height of the gravity centre of wheat”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC plus GA3 reduced 4-Coumaroyl-CoA activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous CCC and GA 3 (CG) treatmentse1
- Outcome
- activity of 4‐Coumaroyl‐CoAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the activity of 4‐Coumaroyl‐CoA and Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase”
e1“exogenous CCC and GA 3 (CG) treatments during the jointing and booting stages increased the height of the gravity centre of wheat, reduced the activity of 4‐Coumaroyl‐CoA and Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC plus GA3 reduced Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous CCC and GA 3 (CG) treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the activity of 4‐Coumaroyl‐CoA and Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase”
e1“exogenous CCC and GA 3 (CG) treatments during the jointing and booting stages increased the height of the gravity centre of wheat, reduced the activity of 4‐Coumaroyl‐CoA and Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC plus GA3 reduced cellulose and hemicellulose content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous CCC and GA 3 (CG) treatmentse1
- Outcome
- cellulose and hemicellulose contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in a decrease in cellulose and hemicellulose content, thereby increasing lodging rate.”
e1“exogenous CCC and GA 3 (CG) treatments”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC plus GA3 increased lodging rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous CCC and GA 3 (CG) treatmentse1
- Outcome
- lodging ratee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in a decrease in cellulose and hemicellulose content, thereby increasing lodging rate.”
e1“exogenous CCC and GA 3 (CG) treatments”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC enhanced stem breakage strength in SD0358.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- SD0358e0
- Treatment
- CC treatmente0
- Outcome
- stem breakage strengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under CC treatment, the lodging‐resistant cultivar (SD0358) showed enhanced stem breakage strength and enhanced yield with advantageous lignin biosynthesis ability.”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC enhanced yield in SD0358.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- SD0358e0
- Treatment
- CC treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under CC treatment, the lodging‐resistant cultivar (SD0358) showed enhanced stem breakage strength and enhanced yield with advantageous lignin biosynthesis ability.”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
SD0358 showed advantageous lignin biosynthesis under CCC.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- SD0358e0
- Treatment
- CC treatmente0
- Outcome
- advantageous lignin biosynthesis abilitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under CC treatment, the lodging‐resistant cultivar (SD0358) showed enhanced stem breakage strength and enhanced yield with advantageous lignin biosynthesis ability.”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CG increased SD0358 stem cellulose and hemicellulose relative to CC.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- SD0358e0
- Treatment
- CG treatmente0
- Outcome
- cellulose and hemicellulose contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- CCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to CC, CG treatment showed an increase in cellulose and hemicellulose content in the stem of SD0358”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
CG further increased final yield in SD0358 relative to CC.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- SD0358e0
- Treatment
- CG treatmente0
- Outcome
- final yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- CCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to CC, CG treatment showed an increase in cellulose and hemicellulose content in the stem of SD0358 and a further increase in final yield.”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend CCC at jointing and booting to improve lodging resistance and grain yield, especially in sensitive cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- application of CCC during the jointing and booting stagese0
- Qualifier
- especially in lodging‐sensitive cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of CCC during the jointing and booting stages improved stem morphology and quality, thereby enhancing lodging resistance and final grain yield, especially in lodging‐sensitive cultivars.”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend CCC at jointing with GA3 at booting to balance lodging resistance and yield in resistant cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- combined strategy of applying CCC during the jointing stage and GA 3 during the booting stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined strategy of applying CCC during the jointing stage and GA 3 during the booting stage is an effective chemical regulation method to balance lodging resistance and yield potential in lodging‐resistant cultivars.”
t0“Wheat Lodging Resistance and Yield”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →chlormequat chloride · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
36 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
45 papers more in this group
See all 49 papers →Gibberellic acid · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 54 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
63 papers more in this group
See all 67 papers →chlormequat chloride · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
52 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
67 papers more in this group
See all 71 papers →chlormequat chloride · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Gibberellic acid · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →chlormequat chloride · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.