Abstract
Reducing irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application while maintaining crop yields is crucial for sustainable agriculture in the North China Plain. To investigate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on above-ground nitrogen accumulation (ANA), yield, water consumption, and the water and nitrogen use efficiency of drip-irrigated winter wheat, a three-season field experiment was conducted with four levels of nitrogen fertilizer application (250, 167, 83, and 0 kg hm−2, referred to as N3, N2, N1, and N0, respectively) and three levels of irrigation (80, 60, and 40 mm per irrigation event, referred to as W3, W1, and W1, respectively). Additionally, a control treatment (CK) was set up with almost no irrigation (only 10 mm of fertilizer water for topdressing was applied) at the N3 application level. The results indicated that over the three seasons, the average yield of irrigation treatments was 35.3% higher than that of the CK treatment under the N3 condition. Both irrigation and nitrogen application improved wheat yield and ANA; however, when irrigation exceeded W2 or nitrogen application exceeded N2, their positive effects were negligible. Due to the seasonal depletion of soil nitrogen by low-nitrogen treatments (N1 and N0), along with their other negative effects on soil health, the yields and ANA of N1 and N0 treatments gradually declined over seasons. Increased irrigation promoted evapotranspiration (ET), and when nitrogen application did not exceed N2, higher nitrogen levels also enhanced ET and soil water consumption within ET. Moderately reducing irrigation can enhance water use efficiency (WUE); however, extreme water scarcity can also decrease WUE. Compared to higher irrigation and nitrogen application treatments, the W2N2 treatment showed no significant decrease in either yield or WUE, along with an increase in NPE. Moreover, the NPFP of the N2 treatment was higher than that of the N3 treatment. Consequently, the W2N2 treatment is recommend as the optimal irrigation and nitrogen management strategy under the experimental conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation treatments averaged 35.3% greater yield than CK under N3.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- irrigation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 35.3%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the average yield of irrigation treatments was 35.3% higher than that of the CK treatment under the N3 condition.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation and nitrogen application improved wheat yield and above-ground nitrogen accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- irrigation and nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- wheat yield and ANAe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- when irrigation exceeded W2 or nitrogen application exceeded N2, their positive effects were negligiblee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both irrigation and nitrogen application improved wheat yield and ANA; however, when irrigation exceeded W2 or nitrogen application exceeded N2, their positive effects were negligible.”
Claim · model-written summary
N1 and N0 yields and ANA declined across seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N1 and N0 treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yields and ANAe0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yields and ANA of N1 and N0 treatments gradually declined over seasons.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased irrigation promoted evapotranspiration.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increased irrigatione0
- Outcome
- evapotranspiration (ET)e0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased irrigation promoted evapotranspiration (ET)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At up to N2, higher nitrogen enhanced evapotranspiration and soil water consumption.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- higher nitrogen levelse0
- Outcome
- ET and soil water consumption within ETe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- when nitrogen application did not exceed N2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when nitrogen application did not exceed N2, higher nitrogen levels also enhanced ET and soil water consumption within ET.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderately reduced irrigation enhanced WUE.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Moderately reducing irrigatione0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moderately reducing irrigation can enhance water use efficiency (WUE)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Extreme water scarcity decreased WUE.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- extreme water scarcitye0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extreme water scarcity can also decrease WUE.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
W2N2 did not significantly reduce yield or WUE compared with higher inputs.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- W2N2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- yield or WUEe0
- Direction
- no significant decreasee0
- Comparator
- higher irrigation and nitrogen application treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to higher irrigation and nitrogen application treatments, the W2N2 treatment showed no significant decrease in either yield or WUE, along with an increase in NPE.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
W2N2 increased NPE relative to higher input treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- W2N2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- NPEe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- higher irrigation and nitrogen application treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to higher irrigation and nitrogen application treatments, the W2N2 treatment showed no significant decrease in either yield or WUE, along with an increase in NPE.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
N2 had higher NPFP than N3.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- NPFPe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- N3 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the NPFP of the N2 treatment was higher than that of the N3 treatment.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend W2N2 as optimal irrigation and nitrogen management under experimental conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- W2N2 treatmente0
- Qualifier
- under the experimental conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the W2N2 treatment is recommend as the optimal irrigation and nitrogen management strategy under the experimental conditions.”
t0“winter wheat”
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