Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a globally important staple crop, faces significant production challenges due to climate change, particularly drought stress. Spirulina is known for its high nutritional value and potential biostimulant properties. Therefore, this study investigated Spirulina platensis extract (SpEx) potential to mitigate drought stress effects in wheat, integrating morphological measurements, gene expression data, and molecular docking. SpEx treatment significantly mitigated drought-induced reductions in plant height (18.2%), fresh weight (29.7%), and dry weight (15.7%). Gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of stress-responsive genes under SpEx treatment, with peroxidase showing the highest increase (6.13-fold) at 20 mg/ml SpEx concentration, followed by cytochrome P450 (5.23-fold), protein kinase (4.56-fold), and UDPGT (3.67-fold). GC-mass spectrometry analysis of SpEx revealed 27 bioactive compounds. Molecular docking studies of the SpEx-derived compounds with six key proteins (UDPGT, Cytochrome P450, Peroxidase, Protein kinase, ROS, and PCD) revealed varying binding affinities. Four compounds (Araguspongin, Lupeol, Silybin, and Strophanthidine) showed strong interactions with ROS and PCD proteins, exhibiting binding affinities superior to control ligands. ADMET analysis of these four compounds against ROS and PCD proteins demonstrated favorable pharmacological properties, with Araguspongin and Strophanthidine showing high GI absorption and all compounds complying with Lipinski's Rule of Five. Hierarchical cluster analysis of both morphological and gene expression data confirmed distinct grouping patterns between treated and untreated plants. These findings suggest that SpEx enhances wheat drought tolerance through multiple mechanisms, including improved morphological adaptations, enhanced stress-responsive gene expression, and molecular interactions with key stress-related proteins, offering promising applications for sustainable agriculture under water-limited conditions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
SpEx mitigated drought reduction in wheat plant height by 18.2%.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- SpEx treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Value
- 18.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SpEx treatment significantly mitigated drought-induced reductions in plant height (18.2%)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SpEx mitigated drought reduction in wheat fresh weight by 29.7%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SpEx treatmente0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Value
- 29.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SpEx treatment significantly mitigated drought-induced reductions in plant height (18.2%), fresh weight (29.7%)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SpEx mitigated drought reduction in wheat dry weight by 15.7%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SpEx treatmente0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Value
- 15.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SpEx treatment significantly mitigated drought-induced reductions in plant height (18.2%), fresh weight (29.7%), and dry weight (15.7%)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase expression rose 6.13-fold under 20 mg/ml SpEx.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 20 mg/ml SpEx concentratione0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 6.13-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase showing the highest increase (6.13-fold) at 20 mg/ml SpEx concentration”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytochrome P450 expression rose 5.23-fold under SpEx.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SpEx treatmente0
- Gene
- cytochrome P450e0
- Outcome
- cytochrome P450e0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
- Value
- 5.23-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of stress-responsive genes under SpEx treatment, with peroxidase showing the highest increase (6.13-fold) at 20 mg/ml SpEx concentration, followed by cytochrome P450 (5.23-fold)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein kinase expression rose 4.56-fold under SpEx.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SpEx treatmente0
- Gene
- protein kinasee0
- Outcome
- protein kinasee0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
- Value
- 4.56-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of stress-responsive genes under SpEx treatment, with peroxidase showing the highest increase (6.13-fold) at 20 mg/ml SpEx concentration, followed by cytochrome P450 (5.23-fold), protein kinase (4.56-fold)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
UDPGT expression rose 3.67-fold under SpEx.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SpEx treatmente0
- Gene
- UDPGTe0
- Outcome
- UDPGTe0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
- Value
- 3.67-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of stress-responsive genes under SpEx treatment, with peroxidase showing the highest increase (6.13-fold) at 20 mg/ml SpEx concentration, followed by cytochrome P450 (5.23-fold), protein kinase (4.56-fold), and UDPGT (3.67-fold)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SpEx contained 27 bioactive compounds.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- bioactive compoundse0
- Value
- 27e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GC-mass spectrometry analysis of SpEx revealed 27 bioactive compounds”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Araguspongin showed strong docking interaction with ROS and PCD proteins.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Araguspongine0
- Outcome
- strong interactions with ROS and PCD proteinse0
- Comparator
- control ligandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four compounds (Araguspongin, Lupeol, Silybin, and Strophanthidine) showed strong interactions with ROS and PCD proteins, exhibiting binding affinities superior to control ligands”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Lupeol showed strong docking interaction with ROS and PCD proteins.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Lupeole0
- Outcome
- strong interactions with ROS and PCD proteinse0
- Comparator
- control ligandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four compounds (Araguspongin, Lupeol, Silybin, and Strophanthidine) showed strong interactions with ROS and PCD proteins, exhibiting binding affinities superior to control ligands”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Silybin showed strong docking interaction with ROS and PCD proteins.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Silybine0
- Outcome
- strong interactions with ROS and PCD proteinse0
- Comparator
- control ligandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four compounds (Araguspongin, Lupeol, Silybin, and Strophanthidine) showed strong interactions with ROS and PCD proteins, exhibiting binding affinities superior to control ligands”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Strophanthidine showed strong docking interaction with ROS and PCD proteins.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Strophanthidinee0
- Outcome
- strong interactions with ROS and PCD proteinse0
- Comparator
- control ligandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four compounds (Araguspongin, Lupeol, Silybin, and Strophanthidine) showed strong interactions with ROS and PCD proteins, exhibiting binding affinities superior to control ligands”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Araguspongin and Strophanthidine had high GI absorption in ADMET analysis.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- high GI absorptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Araguspongin and Strophanthidine showing high GI absorption”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
All four docked compounds complied with Lipinski’s Rule of Five.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- complying with Lipinski's Rule of Fivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all compounds complying with Lipinski's Rule of Five”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphological and gene expression data separated treated from untreated plants in clusters.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- distinct grouping patternse0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hierarchical cluster analysis of both morphological and gene expression data confirmed distinct grouping patterns between treated and untreated plants”
t0“Wheat”
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