Abstract
Abstract Numerous microalgae have been used as modern eco-friendly biostimulants under abiotic stress conditions; however, the application of non-nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria, such as Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) has not been extensively investigated. In this study, the effects of A. platensis (60 mg/L) applied twice as a foliar application on the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and oxidative metabolism of Triticum aestivum seedlings grown under salt stress (150 mM) were evaluated. Under salt stress conditions, growth attributes such as shoot and roots fresh weights, lengths, and photosynthetic pigments were significantly inhibited compared to the control group. Treatment with A. platensis effectively improved all growth parameters. Under salt stress conditions, shoot fresh weight and length increased by 49% and 44%, respectively, while root fresh weight and length were enhanced by 105% and 223%. The contents of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids in wheat were significantly reduced by 57%, 35%, and 43%, respectively. Additionally, seedlings exposed to salinity showed improved accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA), along with decreased peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity. Spirulina extract (SPE) mitigated salt and induced oxidative stress by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, SPE protected wheat seedlings from the detrimental effects of H 2 O 2 by promoting secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Additionally, SPE increased the proline content by 25%, aiding in the regulation of osmotic stress. Taken together, the results of this study support the application of A. platensis as an effective biostimulant for improving wheat growth and food security by reducing the harmful impacts of salt stress in semi-arid regions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited wheat shoot and root growth and photosynthetic pigments.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- salt stress conditionse0
- Outcome
- shoot and roots fresh weights, lengths, and photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salt stress conditions, growth attributes such as shoot and roots fresh weights, lengths, and photosynthetic pigments were significantly inhibited compared to the control group.”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
A. platensis improved wheat growth parameters.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A. platensise0
- Interactor
- A. platensis
Limnospira platensise0symbiont - Outcome
- all growth parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with A. platensis effectively improved all growth parameters.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, Spirulina treatment increased shoot fresh weight by 49%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49%e0
- Qualifier
- Under salt stress conditionse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salt stress conditions, shoot fresh weight and length increased by 49% and 44%, respectively, while root fresh weight and length were enhanced by 105% and 223%.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, shoot length increased by 44%.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salt stress conditions, shoot fresh weight and length increased by 49% and 44%, respectively, while root fresh weight and length were enhanced by 105% and 223%.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, root fresh weight increased by 105%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 105%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salt stress conditions, shoot fresh weight and length increased by 49% and 44%, respectively, while root fresh weight and length were enhanced by 105% and 223%.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, root length increased by 223%.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salt stress conditions, shoot fresh weight and length increased by 49% and 44%, respectively, while root fresh weight and length were enhanced by 105% and 223%.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat chlorophyll a was reduced by 57%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 57%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contents of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids in wheat were significantly reduced by 57%, 35%, and 43%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat chlorophyll b was reduced by 35%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, be0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contents of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids in wheat were significantly reduced by 57%, 35%, and 43%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat carotenoids were reduced by 43%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 43%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contents of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids in wheat were significantly reduced by 57%, 35%, and 43%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seedlings exposed to salinity showed improved accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA), along with decreased peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Gene
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD) enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seedlings exposed to salinity showed improved accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA), along with decreased peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina extract enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Spirulina extract (SPE)e0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spirulina extract (SPE) mitigated salt and induced oxidative stress by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SPE promoted secondary metabolite biosynthesis and protected seedlings from hydrogen peroxide effects.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SPEe0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolite biosynthesise0
- Qualifier
- detrimental effects of H 2 O 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SPE protected wheat seedlings from the detrimental effects of H 2 O 2 by promoting secondary metabolite biosynthesis.”
Claim · model-written summary
SPE increased proline content by 25%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SPE increased the proline content by 25%, aiding in the regulation of osmotic stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support A. platensis application to improve wheat growth under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- application of A. platensis as an effective biostimulante0
- Setting
- semi-arid regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the results of this study support the application of A. platensis as an effective biostimulant for improving wheat growth and food security by reducing the harmful impacts of salt stress in semi-arid regions.”
t0“wheat”
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See all 100 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.