Abstract
• Distribution and content of calcium in the intercellular tissues of the fruit pericarp affect the development process of the fruit pericarp. • Calcium participates in the structural formation of pectin substances in the fruit pericarp during the development of citrus fruits. • The young fruit stage is a critical period for calcium supplementation to prevent fruit cracking. We conducted a meticulous analysis to elucidate the physiological responses to calcium supplementation at the young fruit growth and fruit expansion stages, focusing on its impact on fruit pericarp development. Our study demonstrated that calcium application significantly reduced fruit cracking by 71.09 %, increased fruit load by 16.73 %, and enhanced yield by 17.39 %. Notably, calcium application during the young fruit growth stage had a more pronounced effect on yield improvement. TEM-EDS spectral analysis revealed that calcium application increased calcium distribution within pericarp intercellular spaces, facilitating cross-linking of demethylated pectin with calcium ions and altering pectin composition. This led to a predominance of stable ionic and covalently bound pectins during fruit pericarp thickening, reducing labile water-soluble pectins. This change significantly inhibited the degradation and softening processes of the fruit pericarp by enzymes such as cellulase, xylanase, and polygalacturonase, allowing the fruit pericarp to maintain a higher degree of firmness. The denser cellular arrangement and increased hardness effectively combated fruit cracking. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of calcium in pericarp development and provide a physiological basis for reducing fruit cracking.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium application reduced fruit cracking by 71.09%.
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium application significantly reduced fruit cracking by 71.09 %”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium application increased fruit load by 16.73%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium application significantly reduced fruit cracking by 71.09 %, increased fruit load by 16.73 %”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium application increased yield by 17.39%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium application significantly reduced fruit cracking by 71.09 %, increased fruit load by 16.73 %, and enhanced yield by 17.39 %”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium at the young fruit stage improved yield more than later application.
- Treatment
- calcium application during the young fruit growth stagee0
- Outcome
- yield improvemente0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium application during the young fruit growth stage had a more pronounced effect on yield improvement”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium application increased calcium distribution in pericarp intercellular spaces.
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Treatment
- calcium applicatione0
- Outcome
- calcium distribution within pericarp intercellular spacese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium application increased calcium distribution within pericarp intercellular spaces”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium application facilitated calcium-pectin cross-linking and changed pectin composition.
- Compound
- calcium ionse0
- Outcome
- cross-linking of demethylated pectin with calcium ions and altering pectin compositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“facilitating cross-linking of demethylated pectin with calcium ions and altering pectin composition”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Stable ionic and covalently bound pectins predominated during pericarp thickening.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“predominance of stable ionic and covalently bound pectins during fruit pericarp thickening”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Labile water-soluble pectins decreased.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing labile water-soluble pectins”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
The pectin change inhibited enzymatic degradation and softening of the pericarp.
- Outcome
- degradation and softening processes of the fruit pericarpe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- This changee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This change significantly inhibited the degradation and softening processes of the fruit pericarp by enzymes such as cellulase, xylanase, and polygalacturonase”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
The pericarp maintained higher firmness.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit pericarp to maintain a higher degree of firmness”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Denser cells and greater hardness countered fruit cracking.
- Outcome
- fruit crackinge0
- Direction
- combatede0
- Qualifier
- denser cellular arrangement and increased hardnesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The denser cellular arrangement and increased hardness effectively combated fruit cracking”
t0“citrus”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · nutrient: content · CitrusPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →calcium atom · yield · CitrusPositive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →stage · yield · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.