Abstract
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer will increase wheat grain yield and grain quality at the same time, but the goal of high quality and stable yield in weak-gluten wheat production is to reduce grain protein content and increase grain yield. Our research goal is to reduce nitrogen input while increasing planting density to maintain high quality and stable yield. Field studies were conducted during two successive seasons using a widely planted cultivar, Yangmai 15. We studied the effects of reduced nitrogen topdressing and increased planting density on yield, quality and nitrogen agronomic efficiency. The field experiment was conducted with four nitrogen (N) levels for topdressing at jointing stage: 37.8 (N1), 43.2 (N2), 48.6 (N3) and 54 kg N ha−1 (N4). Moreover, there were three planting densities: 180, 240 and 300 × 104 plants ha−1 (D1, D2 and D3, respectively). When the amount of nitrogen topdressing was reduced, the number of tillers and spikes in each growth period of wheat decreased significantly, and the yield increased first and then decreased, with the highest yield at the level of 48.6 kg N ha−1. When the planting density was increased, the number of tillers and spikes in each growth period of wheat increased significantly, the yield increased significantly, and the yield was the highest at the level of 180 × 104 plants ha−1. Under the same density level, the flag leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area index, nitrogen production efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency decreased with a decrease in the nitrogen application rate. Under the same nitrogen topdressing amount, the nitrogen fertilizer production efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency increased with the increase in density. The relative chlorophyll content, leaf area index, nitrogen partial factor productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, grain accumulation, grain distribution ratio and grain yield of wheat were the highest under the treatment of a planting density of 300 × 104 plants ha−1 and nitrogen topdressing amount of 48.6 kg N ha−1. The combined decrease in nitrogen recovery and increase in planting density decreased protein content, sedimentation value and wet gluten content. Increasing density significantly improved dry matter accumulation in the population, partially compensating for the yield loss due to nitrogen reduction by increasing the effective number of spikes, thereby further improving grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency. Therefore, agronomic approaches combining low nitrogen and high planting densities may be effective in simultaneously increasing grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency and stabilizing grain processing quality in weakly reinforced wheat.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen topdressing significantly decreased the number of tillers and spikes of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt1 - Treatment
- nitrogen topdressinge1
- Outcome
- number of tillers and spikese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e1“When the amount of nitrogen topdressing was reduced, the number of tillers and spikes in each growth period of wheat decreased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen topdressing was associated with a first increase and then decrease in wheat yield, highest at 48.6 kg N ha−1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- nitrogen topdressinge1
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- the highest yield at the level of 48.6 kg N ha−1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e1“When the amount of nitrogen topdressing was reduced, the number of tillers and spikes in each growth period of wheat decreased significantly”
e2“the yield increased first and then decreased, with the highest yield at the level of 48.6 kg N ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased planting density significantly increased the number of tillers and spikes of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- planting densitye3
- Outcome
- number of tillers and spikese3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e3“When the planting density was increased, the number of tillers and spikes in each growth period of wheat increased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased planting density significantly increased wheat yield, highest at 180 × 104 plants ha−1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- planting densitye3
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- the highest at the level of 180 × 104 plants ha−1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e3“When the planting density was increased, the number of tillers and spikes in each growth period of wheat increased significantly”
e4“the yield increased significantly, and the yield was the highest at the level of 180 × 104 plants ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The planting density of 300 × 104 plants ha−1 with 48.6 kg N ha−1 topdressing gave the highest relative chlorophyll content and leaf area index of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- planting density of 300 × 104 plants ha−1e5
- Outcome
- relative chlorophyll content, leaf area indexe5
- Direction
- higheste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e5“The relative chlorophyll content, leaf area index, nitrogen partial factor productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, grain accumulation, grain distribution ratio and grain yield of wheat were the highest under the treatment of a planting density of 300 × 104 plants ha−1 and nitrogen topdressing amount of 48.6 kg N ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The planting density of 300 × 104 plants ha−1 with 48.6 kg N ha−1 topdressing gave the highest nitrogen partial factor productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and grain accumulation of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- planting density of 300 × 104 plants ha−1e5
- Outcome
- nitrogen partial factor productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, grain accumulatione5
- Direction
- higheste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e5“The relative chlorophyll content, leaf area index, nitrogen partial factor productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, grain accumulation, grain distribution ratio and grain yield of wheat were the highest under the treatment of a planting density of 300 × 104 plants ha−1 and nitrogen topdressing amount of 48.6 kg N ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The planting density of 300 × 104 plants ha−1 with 48.6 kg N ha−1 topdressing gave the highest grain distribution ratio and grain yield of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- planting density of 300 × 104 plants ha−1e5
- Outcome
- grain distribution ratio and grain yielde5
- Direction
- higheste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e5“The relative chlorophyll content, leaf area index, nitrogen partial factor productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, grain accumulation, grain distribution ratio and grain yield of wheat were the highest under the treatment of a planting density of 300 × 104 plants ha−1 and nitrogen topdressing amount of 48.6 kg N ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower nitrogen application rate decreased flag leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index of wheat at the same density.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- decrease in the nitrogen application ratee6
- Outcome
- flag leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area indexe6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e6“the flag leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area index, nitrogen production efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency decreased with a decrease in the nitrogen application rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower nitrogen application rate decreased nitrogen production efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat at the same density.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- decrease in the nitrogen application ratee6
- Outcome
- nitrogen production efficiency and nitrogen use efficiencye6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e6“the flag leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area index, nitrogen production efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency decreased with a decrease in the nitrogen application rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased planting density increased nitrogen fertilizer production efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency of wheat under the same nitrogen topdressing amount.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- increase in densitye7
- Outcome
- nitrogen fertilizer production efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiencye7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e7“the nitrogen fertilizer production efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency increased with the increase in density”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined decrease in nitrogen recovery and increase in planting density decreased protein content, sedimentation value and wet gluten content of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- combined decrease in nitrogen recovery and increase in planting densitye0
- Outcome
- protein content, sedimentation value and wet gluten contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e0“The combined decrease in nitrogen recovery and increase in planting density decreased protein content, sedimentation value and wet gluten content”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased planting density significantly improved dry matter accumulation in the wheat population.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- Increasing densitye1
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulation in the populatione1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e1“Increasing density significantly improved dry matter accumulation in the population, partially compensating for the yield loss due to nitrogen reduction by increasing the effective number of spikes, thereby further improving grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased planting density further improved grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat, partly compensating for yield loss from nitrogen reduction.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- Increasing densitye1
- Outcome
- grain quality and nitrogen use efficiencye1
- Direction
- improvinge1
- Qualifier
- partially compensating for the yield loss due to nitrogen reductione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e1“Increasing density significantly improved dry matter accumulation in the population, partially compensating for the yield loss due to nitrogen reduction by increasing the effective number of spikes, thereby further improving grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic approaches combining low nitrogen and high planting densities may be effective for raising grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency while stabilizing grain processing quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Outcome
- agronomic approaches combining low nitrogen and high planting densitiese2
- Qualifier
- may be effectivee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Weak-Gluten Wheat”
e2“agronomic approaches combining low nitrogen and high planting densities may be effective in simultaneously increasing grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency and stabilizing grain processing quality in weakly reinforced wheat”
The same questions in other papers
rewatering · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
density · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →density · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →nitrogen · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
53 papers in the same direction as this paper · 400 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
450 papers more in this group
See all 454 papers →density · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
375 papers in the same direction as this paper · 115 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
494 papers more in this group
See all 498 papers →nitrogen · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
323 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1,737 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2,057 papers more in this group
See all 2,061 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.