Abstract
The gradual increase in the consumption of mineral nitrogen is leading to heightened levels of harmful air pollutants, particularly N 2 O emissions from the agriculture sector. A potential solution to address the issues arising from the excessive use of urea in wheat is the substitution of conventional urea with nano urea. This study aimed to quantify the effects of nano urea, both independently and in conjunction with prilled urea, under various agroclimatic and sowing conditions in India. To achieve this objective, a multi-location field experiment on nano and prilled urea was conducted under irrigated conditions across 21 locations with 13 different treatments during the agricultural seasons of 2021–2022 and 2022–2023. The experiments followed a randomized block design with three replications, covering diverse agro-climatic regions of India. Analysis of combined data from multiple years and locations revealed that applying the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), i.e., 150 kg/ha in NWPZ (North western plains zone) and NEPZ (North eastern plains zone), and 120 kg/ha in CZ (Central zone) and PZ (Peninsular zone), along with two sprays of nano urea, resulted in a significant increase in grain yield 7.6%, 8.0%, 5.5%, and 9.1% in NWPZ, NEPZ, CZ, and PZ, respectively, compared to RDN alone. Notably, using 75% RDN along with either two sprays of nano urea or 5% urea showed a non-significant ( P ≥ 0.05) difference in grain yield compared to the full RDN. From the perspective of higher net benefits, the combination of RDN and two sprays of 5% urea emerged as the most favourable option. On the other hand, considering the higher marginal rate of return (MRR), the combination of 75% RDN and two sprays of 5% urea proved to be more advantageous for farmers across the zones. In conclusion, environmentally friendly practices such as two sprays of nano urea or 5% urea combined with 75% RDN present promising alternatives for Indian farmers seeking to enhance wheat grain yield. Thus, this practice can save 25% of nitrogen (1.02 billion kg) which can reduce 5.06 billion kg CO 2 equivalent emissions annually over recommended practice and can play a significant role in achieving the goal of net zero emissions by 2070 in India.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Two sprays of nano urea with recommended nitrogen increased wheat grain yield by 7.6% in the NWPZ zone compared with recommended nitrogen alone.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- two sprays of nano ureae4
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 7.6%e1
- Comparator
- RDN alonee3
- Setting
- NWPZ (North western plains zone)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“boosting wheat grain yield”
e1“a significant increase in grain yield 7.6%, 8.0%, 5.5%, and 9.1% in NWPZ, NEPZ, CZ, and PZ, respectively”
e2“NWPZ (North western plains zone)”
e3“compared to RDN alone”
e4“along with two sprays of nano urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Two sprays of nano urea with recommended nitrogen increased wheat grain yield by 8.0% in the NEPZ zone compared with recommended nitrogen alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- two sprays of nano ureae4
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 8.0%e1
- Comparator
- RDN alonee3
- Setting
- NEPZ (North eastern plains zone)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“boosting wheat grain yield”
e1“a significant increase in grain yield 7.6%, 8.0%, 5.5%, and 9.1% in NWPZ, NEPZ, CZ, and PZ, respectively”
e2“NEPZ (North eastern plains zone)”
e3“compared to RDN alone”
e4“along with two sprays of nano urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Two sprays of nano urea with recommended nitrogen increased wheat grain yield by 5.5% in the CZ zone compared with recommended nitrogen alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- two sprays of nano ureae4
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 5.5%e1
- Comparator
- RDN alonee3
- Setting
- CZ (Central zone)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“boosting wheat grain yield”
e1“a significant increase in grain yield 7.6%, 8.0%, 5.5%, and 9.1% in NWPZ, NEPZ, CZ, and PZ, respectively”
e2“CZ (Central zone)”
e3“compared to RDN alone”
e4“along with two sprays of nano urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Two sprays of nano urea with recommended nitrogen increased wheat grain yield by 9.1% in the PZ zone compared with recommended nitrogen alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- two sprays of nano ureae4
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 9.1%e1
- Comparator
- RDN alonee3
- Setting
- PZ (Peninsular zone)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“boosting wheat grain yield”
e1“a significant increase in grain yield 7.6%, 8.0%, 5.5%, and 9.1% in NWPZ, NEPZ, CZ, and PZ, respectively”
e2“PZ (Peninsular zone)”
e3“compared to RDN alone”
e4“along with two sprays of nano urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Using 75% RDN with either two sprays of nano urea or 5% urea gave wheat grain yield not significantly different from the full RDN.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 75% RDN along with either two sprays of nano urea or 5% ureae5
- Outcome
- grain yielde6
- Direction
- non-significante6
- Qualifier
- P ≥ 0.05e6
- Comparator
- the full RDNe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“boosting wheat grain yield”
e5“75% RDN along with either two sprays of nano urea or 5% urea”
e6“showed a non-significant ( P ≥ 0.05) difference in grain yield compared to the full RDN”
Claim · model-written summary
RDN with two sprays of 5% urea was the most favourable option for net benefits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the combination of RDN and two sprays of 5% ureae7
- Outcome
- net benefitse7
- Direction
- highere7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“boosting wheat grain yield”
e7“From the perspective of higher net benefits, the combination of RDN and two sprays of 5% urea emerged as the most favourable option”
Claim · model-written summary
75% RDN with two sprays of 5% urea gave a higher marginal rate of return (MRR) for farmers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 75% RDN and two sprays of 5% ureae0
- Outcome
- marginal rate of return (MRR)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“boosting wheat grain yield”
e0“considering the higher marginal rate of return (MRR), the combination of 75% RDN and two sprays of 5% urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Two sprays of nano urea or 5% urea combined with 75% RDN can save 25% of nitrogen (1.02 billion kg) annually compared with recommended practice.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- two sprays of nano urea or 5% urea combined with 75% RDNe1
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- savee0
- Value
- 1.02 billion kge0
- Comparator
- recommended practicee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“boosting wheat grain yield”
e0“this practice can save 25% of nitrogen (1.02 billion kg)”
e1“two sprays of nano urea or 5% urea combined with 75% RDN”
e2“over recommended practice”
Claim · model-written summary
Two sprays of nano urea or 5% urea combined with 75% RDN can reduce CO2 equivalent emissions by 5.06 billion kg annually compared with recommended practice.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- two sprays of nano urea or 5% urea combined with 75% RDNe1
- Outcome
- CO 2 equivalent emissionse0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 5.06 billion kge0
- Comparator
- recommended practicee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“boosting wheat grain yield”
e0“reduce 5.06 billion kg CO 2 equivalent emissions annually”
e1“two sprays of nano urea or 5% urea combined with 75% RDN”
e2“over recommended practice”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.