Abstract
Abstract Plants use hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) to communicate various developmental and stress-related signals. This research aimed to examine how H2S and NO affect the tolerance of Solanum lycopersicum L. to the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Both Cd and Pb supplementation had detrimental effects on tomato seedlings, leading to reduced seed germination, root-to-shoot ratio, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC). Furthermore, these heavy metals caused increased electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, proline levels, and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). However, when H2S and NO were applied externally, they mitigated the harmful effects induced by Cd and Pb. Their exogenous treatment led to enhanced seed germination, root-to-shoot ratio, fresh and dry weight, as well as improvements in chlorophyll content and RWC. Moreover, they reduced electrolyte leakage, MDA accumulation, proline levels, metals uptake and modulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Gene expression analysis revealed that, exposure of Cd/Pb, upregulated the genes responsible for antioxidant enzymes (SlSOD, SlCAT, and SlAPX), while the genes involved in H2S and NO biosynthesis (SlLCD1, SlLCD2, and SlNR) were also found modulated. The study provides physiological and biochemical evidence for H2S/NO mediated-alleviation of heavy metal stress in tomato, and can be applicable in other crops.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cd and Pb reduced seed germination, root-to-shoot ratio, and fresh and dry weight of tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Cd and Pbe1
- Outcome
- seed germination, root-to-shoot ratio, fresh and dry weighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e1“Both Cd and Pb supplementation had detrimental effects on tomato seedlings, leading to reduced seed germination, root-to-shoot ratio, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd and Pb reduced chlorophyll content and relative water content of tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cd and Pbe1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e1“Both Cd and Pb supplementation had detrimental effects on tomato seedlings, leading to reduced seed germination, root-to-shoot ratio, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metals increased electrolyte leakage, MDA accumulation and proline levels in tomato.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- these heavy metalse2
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, proline levelse2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e2“these heavy metals caused increased electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, proline levels, and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metals changed the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and APX in tomato; direction not stated.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- these heavy metalse2
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e2
- Outcome
- the activity of antioxidant enzymese2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e2“these heavy metals caused increased electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, proline levels, and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)”
Claim · model-written summary
Externally applied H2S and NO mitigated the harmful effects induced by Cd and Pb in tomato.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- H2S and NOe3
- Outcome
- harmful effectse3
- Direction
- mitigatede3
- Comparator
- Cd and Pbe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e3“when H2S and NO were applied externally, they mitigated the harmful effects induced by Cd and Pb”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous H2S and NO enhanced seed germination, root-to-shoot ratio, and fresh and dry weight of Cd/Pb-stressed tomato.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous treatmente4
- Outcome
- seed germination, root-to-shoot ratio, fresh and dry weighte4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e4“Their exogenous treatment led to enhanced seed germination, root-to-shoot ratio, fresh and dry weight, as well as improvements in chlorophyll content and RWC”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous H2S and NO improved chlorophyll content and relative water content of Cd/Pb-stressed tomato.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous treatmente4
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and RWCe4
- Direction
- improvementse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e4“Their exogenous treatment led to enhanced seed germination, root-to-shoot ratio, fresh and dry weight, as well as improvements in chlorophyll content and RWC”
Claim · model-written summary
H2S and NO reduced electrolyte leakage, MDA accumulation and proline levels in Cd/Pb-stressed tomato.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- H2S and NOe3
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage, MDA accumulation, proline levelse5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e5“Moreover, they reduced electrolyte leakage, MDA accumulation, proline levels, metals uptake and modulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes”
e3“when H2S and NO were applied externally, they mitigated the harmful effects induced by Cd and Pb”
Claim · model-written summary
H2S and NO reduced metals uptake in Cd/Pb-stressed tomato.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- H2S and NOe3
- Outcome
- metals uptakee5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e5“Moreover, they reduced electrolyte leakage, MDA accumulation, proline levels, metals uptake and modulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes”
e3“when H2S and NO were applied externally, they mitigated the harmful effects induced by Cd and Pb”
Claim · model-written summary
H2S and NO modulated the activity of antioxidant enzymes in Cd/Pb-stressed tomato; direction not stated.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- H2S and NOe3
- Outcome
- the activity of antioxidant enzymese5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e5“Moreover, they reduced electrolyte leakage, MDA accumulation, proline levels, metals uptake and modulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes”
e3“when H2S and NO were applied externally, they mitigated the harmful effects induced by Cd and Pb”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd/Pb exposure upregulated expression of antioxidant enzyme genes SlSOD, SlCAT and SlAPX in tomato.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exposure of Cd/Pbe6
- Gene
- SlSOD, SlCAT, and SlAPXe6
- Outcome
- the genes responsible for antioxidant enzymese6
- Direction
- upregulatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e6“Gene expression analysis revealed that, exposure of Cd/Pb, upregulated the genes responsible for antioxidant enzymes (SlSOD, SlCAT, and SlAPX), while the genes involved in H2S and NO biosynthesis (SlLCD1, SlLCD2, and SlNR) were also found modulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd/Pb exposure modulated expression of H2S and NO biosynthesis genes SlLCD1, SlLCD2 and SlNR in tomato; direction not stated.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exposure of Cd/Pbe6
- Gene
- SlLCD1, SlLCD2, and SlNRe6
- Outcome
- the genes involved in H2S and NO biosynthesise6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e6“Gene expression analysis revealed that, exposure of Cd/Pb, upregulated the genes responsible for antioxidant enzymes (SlSOD, SlCAT, and SlAPX), while the genes involved in H2S and NO biosynthesis (SlLCD1, SlLCD2, and SlNR) were also found modulated”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that the H2S/NO alleviation evidence can be applicable in other crops.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- can be applicable in other cropse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e7“can be applicable in other crops”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
45 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
47 papers more in this group
See all 51 papers →nitric oxide · physiology: oxidative · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →nitric oxide · nutrient: content · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →lead atom · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →hydrogen sulfide · nutrient: content · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
hydrogen sulfide · physiology: oxidative · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
cadmium atom · physiology: water · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
lead atom · physiology: water · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.