IMPROVING PHYSIOLOGY, GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY, AND GRAIN BIO-FORTIFICATION OF WHEAT WITH SOIL AND FOLIAR APPLIED MICRONUTRIENTS

Abstract

Micro-nutrient, especially iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), deficiency is prevalent in a large segment of the world's population.Therefore, it is essential to provide these nutrients to humans for better health.Cereals are rich in nutrients; therefore, it is essential to increase the grain nutrient concentration to fulfil human needs.The present study was conducted to find the optimum combination of different micro-nutrients to improve the physiology, yield, and grain nutrient concentration of wheat.The study was comprised of diverse treatments: T1: control, T2: foliar water spray, T3: Zn soil application, T4: Zn + B soil application, T5: Zn + Mn soil application, T6: Zn + B + Mn soil application, T7: B + Mn soil application, T8: Zn foliar spry, T9: Zn + B foliar spray, T10: Zn + Mn foliar spray, T11: Zn + B + Mn foliar spray, T12: Zn soil application + foliar spray, T13: Zn + B soil application + foliar spray, T14: Zn + Mn soil application + foliar spray, T15: Zn + B + Mn soil application + foliar spray, T16: B + Mn soil application + foliar spray.The results indicate that different combinations of soil and foliar applied micro-nutrients significantly improved plant physiological functioning, yield, and grain bio-fortification of wheat.The maximum improvement in relative water contents (RWC), chlorophyll content, antioxidant activities, grain yield, and biomass were observed with T15 (Zn + B + Mn soil application + foliar spray).The application of different nutrient combinations also enhanced the grain nutrients concentration.However, co-applying soil and foliar spray of B, Mn, and Zn effectively improved their grain concentrations than their individual applications.Therefore, a combination of soil and foliar applied Zn, B, and Mn could be an important practice to improve wheat growth, productivity, and bio-fortification.

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Claims 5

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Combinations of soil and foliar applied micronutrients significantly improved wheat physiological functioning, yield and grain bio-fortification relative to the control.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume1
Treatment: different combinations of soil and foliar applied micro-nutrientse1
Outcome: plant physiological functioning, yield, and grain bio-fortificatione1
Direction: improvede1
Comparator: controle2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Triticum aestivum* · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e1
“different combinations of soil and foliar applied micro-nutrients significantly improved plant physiological functioning, yield, and grain bio-fortification of wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1083–1248 · show in text ↑

e2
“T1: control”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 544–555 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The T15 combination (Zn + B + Mn soil application + foliar spray) gave the maximum improvement in relative water content, chlorophyll content and antioxidant activities of wheat.

Taxon: WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: T15 (Zn + B + Mn soil application + foliar spray)e3
Outcome: relative water contents (RWC), chlorophyll content, antioxidant activitiese3
Direction: maximum improvemente3

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“GRAIN BIO-FORTIFICATION OF WHEAT”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 48–80 · show in text ↑

e3
“The maximum improvement in relative water contents (RWC), chlorophyll content, antioxidant activities, grain yield, and biomass were observed with T15 (Zn + B + Mn soil application + foliar spray)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1249–1445 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The T15 combination (Zn + B + Mn soil application + foliar spray) gave the maximum improvement in grain yield and biomass of wheat.

Taxon: WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: T15 (Zn + B + Mn soil application + foliar spray)e3
Outcome: grain yield, and biomasse3
Direction: maximum improvemente3

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“GRAIN BIO-FORTIFICATION OF WHEAT”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 48–80 · show in text ↑

e3
“The maximum improvement in relative water contents (RWC), chlorophyll content, antioxidant activities, grain yield, and biomass were observed with T15 (Zn + B + Mn soil application + foliar spray)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1249–1445 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Applying different nutrient combinations enhanced grain nutrient concentration in wheat.

Taxon: WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
Organ / stage: graine4
Treatment: different nutrient combinationse4
Outcome: grain nutrients concentratione4
Direction: enhancede4

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“GRAIN BIO-FORTIFICATION OF WHEAT”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 48–80 · show in text ↑

e4
“The application of different nutrient combinations also enhanced the grain nutrients concentration”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1446–1544 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Co-applying soil and foliar spray of B, Mn and Zn improved wheat grain concentrations more effectively than their individual applications.

Taxon: WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
Organ / stage: graine5
Treatment: co-applying soil and foliar spray of B, Mn, and Zne5
Outcome: grain concentrationse5
Direction: improvede5
Comparator: individual applicationse5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“GRAIN BIO-FORTIFICATION OF WHEAT”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 48–80 · show in text ↑

e5
“co-applying soil and foliar spray of B, Mn, and Zn effectively improved their grain concentrations than their individual applications”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1554–1687 · show in text ↑

manganese atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

65 papers: 61 positive, 4 negative or no effect

60 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction

no effect
Applications of multiple nutrients did not significantly increase wheat yield.
Evidence for the involvement of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei in wheat yield decline in northern New South Wales · 1987
Opposite direction
no effect
Micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) had no significant effect on wheat yield.
Maximizing wheat yield through integrated use of farmyard manure and fertilizers · 2016
Opposite direction
no effect
Neither nitrogen nor manganese fertilisation changed the wheat grain yield.
Mycotoxin Level in Winter Wheat Grain as Impacted by Nitrogen and Manganese Fertilisation · 2023
Opposite direction

61 papers more in this group

See all 65 papers →

zinc atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

511 papers: 456 positive, 55 negative or no effect

455 papers in the same direction as this paper · 49 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Zinc application yielded hardly any benefit.
Landscape positions dictating crop fertilizer responses in wheat-based farming systems of East African Highlands · 2020
Opposite direction
negative
Zinc inhibited non mycorrhizal wheat root dry yield.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal strategy for zinc mycoremediation and diminished translocation to shoots and grains in wheat · 2017
Opposite direction
no effect
Foliar Zn had no significant effect on wheat grain yield.
Foliar zinc fertilization improves the zinc nutritional value of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain · 2011
Opposite direction

507 papers more in this group

See all 511 papers →

zinc atom · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

9 papers: 9 positive, 0 negative or no effect

8 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Zn-NPs increased water use efficiency in wheat.
Mulberry based zinc nano-particles mitigate salinity induced toxic effects and improve the grain yield and zinc bio-fortification of wheat by improving antioxidant activities, photosynthetic performance, and accumulation of osmolytes and hormones · 2022 · compared with control
Same direction
positive
Foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at 20, 40, 60 and 80 DAS saved irrigation water per tonne of wheat relative to 5 kg Zn ha−1 as chelated Zn-EDTA soil application.
Enhancing nutrient translocation, yields and water productivity of wheat under rice–wheat cropping system through zinc nutrition and residual effect of green manuring · 2020 · compared with residual effect of 5 kg Zn ha−1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application
Same direction
positive
Foliar zinc increased relative water content, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents.
Zinc foliar application may alleviate drought stress in wheat species through physiological changes · 2024 · compared with control treatment
Same direction

5 papers more in this group

See all 9 papers →

micronutrient · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

14 papers: 14 positive, 0 negative or no effect

13 papers in the same direction as this paper

10 papers more in this group

See all 14 papers →

application · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

51 papers: 49 positive, 2 negative or no effect

48 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

no effect
The growth retardants had little or no effect on dry matter production, grain yield or water requirement of wheat watered regularly or exposed to one day of wilting.
Regeneration after Wilting, Growth and Yield of Wheat Plants, as Affected by Two Growth–Retarding Compounds · 1966
Opposite direction
negative
Spraying after jointing yielded significantly lower water use efficiency than spraying before jointing.
Effect of the application of Puma before and after jointing on photosynthetic physiologies in the leaves of wheat · 2012 · compared with jointing the front spraying
Opposite direction
positive
Foliar silicon increased wheat leaf relative water content.
Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions · 2016
Same direction

47 papers more in this group

See all 51 papers →

application · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

877 papers: 795 positive, 82 negative or no effect

794 papers in the same direction as this paper · 75 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Foliar N applications showed no consistent increase or decrease in grain yield, straw yield or straw N.
Influence of Late‐Season Foliar Nitrogen Applications on Yield and Grain Nitrogen in Winter Wheat · 2002
Opposite direction
negative
Boot-stage foliar N significantly reduced grain yield of hard red spring wheat by 5%.
Foliar Nitrogen Application Timing Influence on Grain Yield and Protein Concentration of Hard Red Winter and Spring Wheat · 2003
Opposite direction
no effect
soil application of Fe-EDDHA did not significantly affect wheat dry matter yield.
Interaction of Iron with Copper, Zinc, and Manganese in Wheat as Affected by Iron and Manganese in a Calcareous Soil · 2008
Opposite direction

873 papers more in this group

See all 877 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 5

The same questions in other papers

manganese atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

zinc atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

zinc atom · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

micronutrient · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

application · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

application · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results