Abstract
Intercropping legumes is an effective and sustainable planting pattern that has the benefit of decreasing chemical fertilizer input and improving the soil environment. However, the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and intercropping different legumes on soil nutrients, microorganisms, and tea quality remain elusive. Hereby, compared with 100% chemical fertilizer (CK), Sesbania cannabina (SC) and Crotalaria pallida Blanco (CP) were selected as the intercropped plant with 70% chemical fertilizer to investigate its effect on soil nutrients, microorganisms, and tea quality. The results showed that compared with monocropping, intercropping legumes had greater concentrations of the soil labile organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. Intercropping systems significantly enhanced the content of non-ester-type catechins (catechin and gallocatechin) and ester-type catechins (epicatechin gallate). In SC, the content of gallocatechin, catechin, and epicatechin gallate increased by 146.67%, 107.69%, and 21.05%, respectively, while in CP, the content of these three compounds increased by 166.67%, 84.62%, and 19.08%, respectively. Significant differences in microbial composition were also observed under different systems. Actinobacteria, Rhodoplanes, and Thaumarchaeota were obviously enhanced in SC, while Rhodanobacter, Pseudolabrys, and Pedosphaera were manifestly improved in CP compared to those in the monoculture. Moreover, intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundances of CNP cycling functional genes, such as gpmB, mch, accD6, pgi-pmi, mcr, glmS, ACOX1 and fadB (carbohydrate metabolism), nirD and narI (nitrification), pmoB-amoB and hao (dissimilatory N reduction), and phoN (organic phosphoester hydrolysis). The relationship between intercropping systems and tea qualities was mainly established by soil nutrition and the abundance of C and N cycling functional microorganisms. This study provides more information on the relationship between soil nutrients, functional genes of microorganisms, and tea quality under tea/legume intercropping systems in tea plantations and offers a basis for the higher-performance intercropping pattern.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping legumes in tea plantations increased soil labile organic matter, nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen compared with monocropping.
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e0“compared with monocropping, intercropping legumes had greater concentrations of the soil labile organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping legumes in tea plantations increased soil inorganic nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen compared with monocropping.
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e0“compared with monocropping, intercropping legumes had greater concentrations of the soil labile organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen”
e2“inorganic nitrogen, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
In Sesbania cannabina intercropping, gallocatechin content increased by 146.67% compared with monocropping.
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e0“compared with monocropping, intercropping legumes had greater concentrations of the soil labile organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen”
e3“In SC, the content of gallocatechin, catechin, and epicatechin gallate increased by 146.67%, 107.69%, and 21.05%, respectively”
e4“Sesbania cannabina (SC) and Crotalaria pallida Blanco (CP) were selected as the intercropped plant with 70% chemical fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
In Sesbania cannabina intercropping, catechin content increased by 107.69% compared with monocropping.
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e0“compared with monocropping, intercropping legumes had greater concentrations of the soil labile organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen”
e3“In SC, the content of gallocatechin, catechin, and epicatechin gallate increased by 146.67%, 107.69%, and 21.05%, respectively”
e4“Sesbania cannabina (SC) and Crotalaria pallida Blanco (CP) were selected as the intercropped plant with 70% chemical fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
In Sesbania cannabina intercropping, epicatechin gallate content increased by 21.05% compared with monocropping.
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e0“compared with monocropping, intercropping legumes had greater concentrations of the soil labile organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen”
e3“In SC, the content of gallocatechin, catechin, and epicatechin gallate increased by 146.67%, 107.69%, and 21.05%, respectively”
e4“Sesbania cannabina (SC) and Crotalaria pallida Blanco (CP) were selected as the intercropped plant with 70% chemical fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
In Crotalaria pallida intercropping, gallocatechin content increased by 166.67% compared with monocropping.
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e0“compared with monocropping, intercropping legumes had greater concentrations of the soil labile organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen”
e3“In SC, the content of gallocatechin, catechin, and epicatechin gallate increased by 146.67%, 107.69%, and 21.05%, respectively”
e4“Sesbania cannabina (SC) and Crotalaria pallida Blanco (CP) were selected as the intercropped plant with 70% chemical fertilizer”
e5“while in CP, the content of these three compounds increased by 166.67%, 84.62%, and 19.08%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In Crotalaria pallida intercropping, catechin content increased by 84.62% compared with monocropping.
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e0“compared with monocropping, intercropping legumes had greater concentrations of the soil labile organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen”
e3“In SC, the content of gallocatechin, catechin, and epicatechin gallate increased by 146.67%, 107.69%, and 21.05%, respectively”
e4“Sesbania cannabina (SC) and Crotalaria pallida Blanco (CP) were selected as the intercropped plant with 70% chemical fertilizer”
e5“while in CP, the content of these three compounds increased by 166.67%, 84.62%, and 19.08%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In Crotalaria pallida intercropping, epicatechin gallate content increased by 19.08% compared with monocropping.
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e0“compared with monocropping, intercropping legumes had greater concentrations of the soil labile organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen”
e3“In SC, the content of gallocatechin, catechin, and epicatechin gallate increased by 146.67%, 107.69%, and 21.05%, respectively”
e4“Sesbania cannabina (SC) and Crotalaria pallida Blanco (CP) were selected as the intercropped plant with 70% chemical fertilizer”
e5“while in CP, the content of these three compounds increased by 166.67%, 84.62%, and 19.08%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In Sesbania cannabina intercropping, Actinobacteria, Rhodoplanes and Thaumarchaeota were enhanced compared with monoculture.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Material
- Sesbania cannabinae4
- Treatment
- intercropped plante4
- Interactor
- Actinobacteria, Rhodoplanes, and ThaumarchaeotaRhodoplanesActinomycetotaNitrososphaerotae6other
- Outcome
- Actinobacteria, Rhodoplanes, and Thaumarchaeotae6
- Direction
- enhancede6
- Comparator
- monoculturee6
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e4“Sesbania cannabina (SC) and Crotalaria pallida Blanco (CP) were selected as the intercropped plant with 70% chemical fertilizer”
e6“Actinobacteria, Rhodoplanes, and Thaumarchaeota were obviously enhanced in SC, while Rhodanobacter, Pseudolabrys, and Pedosphaera were manifestly improved in CP compared to those in the monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
In Crotalaria pallida intercropping, Rhodanobacter, Pseudolabrys and Pedosphaera were improved compared with monoculture.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Material
- Crotalaria pallida Blancoe4
- Treatment
- intercropped plante4
- Interactor
- Rhodanobacter, Pseudolabrys, and PedosphaeraRhodanobacterPseudolabrysPedosphaerae6other
- Outcome
- Rhodanobacter, Pseudolabrys, and Pedosphaerae6
- Direction
- improvede6
- Comparator
- monoculturee6
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e4“Sesbania cannabina (SC) and Crotalaria pallida Blanco (CP) were selected as the intercropped plant with 70% chemical fertilizer”
e6“Actinobacteria, Rhodoplanes, and Thaumarchaeota were obviously enhanced in SC, while Rhodanobacter, Pseudolabrys, and Pedosphaera were manifestly improved in CP compared to those in the monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundance of the carbohydrate-metabolism genes gpmB, mch and accD6.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Treatment
- intercropping legumese7
- Gene
- gpmB, mch, accD6e7
- Outcome
- abundances of CNP cycling functional genese7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e7“Moreover, intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundances of CNP cycling functional genes, such as gpmB, mch, accD6, pgi-pmi, mcr, glmS, ACOX1 and fadB (carbohydrate metabolism), nirD and narI (nitrification), pmoB-amoB and hao (dissimilatory N reduction), and phoN (organic phosphoester hydrolysis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundance of the carbohydrate-metabolism genes pgi-pmi, mcr and glmS.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Treatment
- intercropping legumese7
- Gene
- pgi-pmi, mcr, glmSe7
- Outcome
- abundances of CNP cycling functional genese7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e7“Moreover, intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundances of CNP cycling functional genes, such as gpmB, mch, accD6, pgi-pmi, mcr, glmS, ACOX1 and fadB (carbohydrate metabolism), nirD and narI (nitrification), pmoB-amoB and hao (dissimilatory N reduction), and phoN (organic phosphoester hydrolysis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundance of the genes ACOX1 and fadB.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Treatment
- intercropping legumese7
- Gene
- ACOX1 and fadBe7
- Outcome
- abundances of CNP cycling functional genese7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e7“Moreover, intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundances of CNP cycling functional genes, such as gpmB, mch, accD6, pgi-pmi, mcr, glmS, ACOX1 and fadB (carbohydrate metabolism), nirD and narI (nitrification), pmoB-amoB and hao (dissimilatory N reduction), and phoN (organic phosphoester hydrolysis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundance of the nitrification genes nirD and narI.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Treatment
- intercropping legumese7
- Gene
- nirD and narIe7
- Outcome
- abundances of CNP cycling functional genese7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e7“Moreover, intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundances of CNP cycling functional genes, such as gpmB, mch, accD6, pgi-pmi, mcr, glmS, ACOX1 and fadB (carbohydrate metabolism), nirD and narI (nitrification), pmoB-amoB and hao (dissimilatory N reduction), and phoN (organic phosphoester hydrolysis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundance of the dissimilatory nitrogen reduction genes pmoB-amoB and hao.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Treatment
- intercropping legumese7
- Gene
- pmoB-amoB and haoe7
- Outcome
- abundances of CNP cycling functional genese7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e7“Moreover, intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundances of CNP cycling functional genes, such as gpmB, mch, accD6, pgi-pmi, mcr, glmS, ACOX1 and fadB (carbohydrate metabolism), nirD and narI (nitrification), pmoB-amoB and hao (dissimilatory N reduction), and phoN (organic phosphoester hydrolysis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundance of the organic phosphoester hydrolysis gene phoN.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Treatment
- intercropping legumese7
- Gene
- phoNe7
- Outcome
- abundances of CNP cycling functional genese7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e7“Moreover, intercropping legumes significantly increased the abundances of CNP cycling functional genes, such as gpmB, mch, accD6, pgi-pmi, mcr, glmS, ACOX1 and fadB (carbohydrate metabolism), nirD and narI (nitrification), pmoB-amoB and hao (dissimilatory N reduction), and phoN (organic phosphoester hydrolysis)”
Claim · model-written summary
The relationship between intercropping systems and tea quality was mainly established by soil nutrition and the abundance of C and N cycling microorganisms.
Verbatim
t0“Tea Plantation”
e1“The relationship between intercropping systems and tea qualities was mainly established by soil nutrition and the abundance of C and N cycling functional microorganisms”
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