Abstract
Stem bowl cracking in apples can significantly reduce fruit quality and market value.Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of pre-harvest foliar applications of calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), glycine betaine (GB), and water (control) in reducing stem bowl cracking, enhancing fruit quality, and improving the cuticle of 'Picnic' apples at harvest and during 3 months of cold storage at 0C.Both CaCl 2 and GB treatments significantly reduced the incidence and severity of stem bowl cracking at harvest compared to the control, with GB exhibiting greater effectiveness.Foliar applications also enhanced the morphological characteristics (area, weight, and thickness) of the fruit cuticle.Furthermore, pre-harvest treatments did not affect fruit quality parameters, such as fruit weight, size, firmness, titratable acidity (TA), internal ethylene concentration (IEC), and starch pattern index (SPI) at harvest, apart from an increase in soluble solids content (SSC).During cold storage, CaCl 2 and GB treatments did not affect IEC, firmness, or SPI but slowed the rate of TA loss and moderated changes in fruit color, including an increase in a* and a decrease in L*, particularly on the sun-exposed side of the fruit.Additionally, the GB-treated group exhibited higher SSC during storage compared to other groups.Overall, this study demonstrates that pre-harvest foliar applications of CaCl 2 and GB effectively mitigate stem bowl cracking in 'Picnic' apples by enhancing the cuticle's structure and composition.However, their influence on overall fruit quality at harvest and during postharvest storage is relatively limited.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 reduced stem bowl cracking incidence and severity at harvest versus water.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- ‘Picnic’t0
- Treatment
- CaCl 2e0
- Outcome
- incidence and severity of stem bowl crackinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both CaCl 2 and GB treatments significantly reduced the incidence and severity of stem bowl cracking at harvest compared to the control”
t0“‘Picnic’ Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
GB reduced stem bowl cracking incidence and severity at harvest versus water, with greater effectiveness.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Picnic’t0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- incidence and severity of stem bowl crackinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- GB exhibiting greater effectivenesse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both CaCl 2 and GB treatments significantly reduced the incidence and severity of stem bowl cracking at harvest compared to the control, with GB exhibiting greater effectiveness”
t0“‘Picnic’ Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar applications enhanced cuticle area, weight, and thickness.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- area, weight, and thickness) of the fruit cuticlee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar applications also enhanced the morphological characteristics (area, weight, and thickness) of the fruit cuticle”
t0“‘Picnic’ Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Preharvest treatments did not affect fruit weight, size, or firmness at harvest.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pre-harvest treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit weight, size, firmnesse0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pre-harvest treatments did not affect fruit quality parameters, such as fruit weight, size, firmness”
t0“‘Picnic’ Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Preharvest treatments did not affect TA, IEC, or SPI at harvest.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pre-harvest treatmentse1
- Outcome
- titratable acidity (TA), internal ethylene concentration (IEC), and starch pattern index (SPI)e0
- Direction
- did not affecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“titratable acidity (TA), internal ethylene concentration (IEC), and starch pattern index (SPI) at harvest”
e1“pre-harvest treatments did not affect fruit quality parameters”
t0“‘Picnic’ Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Preharvest treatments increased SSC at harvest.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pre-harvest treatmentse1
- Outcome
- soluble solids content (SSC)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in soluble solids content (SSC)”
e1“pre-harvest treatments did not affect fruit quality parameters”
t0“‘Picnic’ Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 and GB did not affect IEC, firmness, or SPI during storage.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl 2 and GB treatmentse0
- Outcome
- IEC, firmness, or SPIe0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Setting
- cold storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During cold storage, CaCl 2 and GB treatments did not affect IEC, firmness, or SPI”
t0“‘Picnic’ Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 and GB slowed TA loss during cold storage.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl 2 and GB treatmentse0
- Outcome
- rate of TA losse0
- Direction
- slowede0
- Setting
- cold storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During cold storage, CaCl 2 and GB treatments did not affect IEC, firmness, or SPI but slowed the rate of TA loss”
t0“‘Picnic’ Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 and GB moderated fruit color changes during cold storage, increasing a* and decreasing L*.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl 2 and GB treatmentse1
- Outcome
- changes in fruit colore0
- Direction
- moderatede0
- Qualifier
- particularly on the sun-exposed side of the fruite0
- Setting
- cold storagee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderated changes in fruit color, including an increase in a* and a decrease in L*, particularly on the sun-exposed side of the fruit”
e1“During cold storage, CaCl 2 and GB treatments”
t0“‘Picnic’ Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
GB-treated apples had higher SSC during storage.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- GB-treated groupe0
- Outcome
- SSCe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other groupse0
- Setting
- storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the GB-treated group exhibited higher SSC during storage compared to other groups”
t0“‘Picnic’ Apples”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.