Abstract
Efficient nutrient management is critical for sustainable maize (Zea mays L.) production, particularly under resource constrained and ecologically sensitive agricultural systems. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of substituting molecular urea with foliar-supplied nano nitrogen (FSNU) and different levels of nano zinc (FSNZ) on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of rabi maize. The experiment was conducted at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya during the rabi seasons of 2023-24 and 2024-25 using a factorial randomized block design with two factors, zinc (four levels) and nitrogen (eight levels). Among the level of nitrogen, N4 (75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage) recorded tallest plant (109.32, 190.82 & 227.84 cm at 60 DAS, 901 DAS & at harvest respectively), maximum number of leaves plant-1 (11.07, 13.73 & 11.45 at 60 DAS, 901 DAS & at harvest respectively), higher cob diameter (16.67 cm), maximum number of kernels cob-1 (549.10), kernel yield cob-1 (176.25 g), higher uptake of nitrogen (254.30 & 287.35 kg ha-1 respectively during 2023-24 and 2024-25) and zinc (898.29 & 883.51 g ha-1 respectively during 2023-24 and 2024-25) which ultimately gave 3.97 and 86.31% yield advantage over 100% RDN through urea (N1) and control (without nitrogen, N0). Among the level of zinc, soil application of ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (Z1) significantly improved plant height, chlorophyll content, cob diameter, kernel number cob-1 & kernel yield cob-1 which helped in producing highest grain yield 8.85 t ha-1 followed by application of nano zinc @150 ppm at150 ppm at V8 and GF stage (Z3) and nano zinc @100 ppm at V8 and GF stage (Z2). So, integration of 25 kg ZnSo4 ha-1 and 25% substitution of nitrogen through nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage can enhance maize productivity and support sustainable intensification of rabi cropping systems. Further multi location and long-term trials are recommended to validate these results across varying soil and climatic conditions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Maize receiving N4 (75% RDN through urea + nano urea) was tallest, 109.32, 190.82 and 227.84 cm at 60 DAS, 901 DAS and harvest.
- Treatment
- 75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stagee1
- Outcome
- tallest plante0
- Direction
- talleste0
- Value
- 109.32, 190.82 & 227.84 cme0
- Qualifier
- at 60 DAS, 901 DAS & at harvest respectivelye0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tallest plant (109.32, 190.82 & 227.84 cm at 60 DAS, 901 DAS & at harvest respectively)”
e1“N4 (75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N4 gave the maximum number of leaves per plant: 11.07, 13.73 and 11.45 at 60 DAS, 901 DAS and harvest.
- Treatment
- 75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stagee1
- Outcome
- number of leaves plant-1e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 11.07, 13.73 & 11.45e0
- Qualifier
- at 60 DAS, 901 DAS & at harvest respectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum number of leaves plant-1 (11.07, 13.73 & 11.45 at 60 DAS, 901 DAS & at harvest respectively)”
e1“N4 (75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N4 gave higher cob diameter, 16.67 cm.
- Treatment
- 75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stagee1
- Outcome
- cob diametere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 16.67 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher cob diameter (16.67 cm)”
e1“N4 (75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N4 gave the maximum number of kernels per cob, 549.10.
- Treatment
- 75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stagee1
- Outcome
- number of kernels cob-1e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 549.10e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum number of kernels cob-1 (549.10)”
e1“N4 (75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N4 gave a kernel yield per cob of 176.25 g.
- Treatment
- 75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stagee1
- Outcome
- kernel yield cob-1e0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 176.25 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kernel yield cob-1 (176.25 g)”
e1“N4 (75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N4 gave higher nitrogen uptake, 254.30 and 287.35 kg ha-1 in 2023-24 and 2024-25.
- Treatment
- 75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stagee1
- Outcome
- uptake of nitrogene0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 254.30 & 287.35 kg ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- respectively during 2023-24 and 2024-25e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher uptake of nitrogen (254.30 & 287.35 kg ha-1 respectively during 2023-24 and 2024-25)”
e1“N4 (75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N4 gave higher zinc uptake, 898.29 and 883.51 g ha-1 in 2023-24 and 2024-25.
- Treatment
- 75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stagee1
- Outcome
- zince0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 898.29 & 883.51 g ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher uptake of nitrogen (254.30 & 287.35 kg ha-1 respectively during 2023-24 and 2024-25) and zinc (898.29 & 883.51 g ha-1 respectively during 2023-24 and 2024-25)”
e1“N4 (75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N4 gave a 3.97% yield advantage over 100% RDN through urea (N1).
- Treatment
- 75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stagee1
- Outcome
- yield advantagee0
- Direction
- advantagee0
- Value
- 3.97e0
- Comparator
- 100% RDN through ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3.97 and 86.31% yield advantage over 100% RDN through urea (N1) and control (without nitrogen, N0)”
e1“N4 (75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N4 gave an 86.31% yield advantage over the nitrogen-free control (N0).
- Treatment
- 75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stagee1
- Outcome
- yield advantagee0
- Direction
- advantagee0
- Value
- 86.31%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3.97 and 86.31% yield advantage over 100% RDN through urea (N1) and control (without nitrogen, N0)”
e1“N4 (75% RDN through urea + nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil application of ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (Z1) significantly improved plant height, chlorophyll content and cob diameter in maize.
- Treatment
- soil application of ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1e1
- Outcome
- plant height, chlorophyll content, cob diametere0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil application of ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (Z1) significantly improved plant height, chlorophyll content, cob diameter”
e1“soil application of ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (Z1)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil application of ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (Z1) significantly improved kernel number and kernel yield per cob in maize.
- Treatment
- soil application of ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1e1
- Outcome
- kernel number cob-1 & kernel yield cob-1e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil application of ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (Z1) significantly improved plant height, chlorophyll content, cob diameter, kernel number cob-1 & kernel yield cob-1”
e1“soil application of ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (Z1)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Z1 (soil ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1) gave the highest grain yield, 8.85 t ha-1, followed by nano zinc at 150 ppm (Z3) and 100 ppm (Z2).
- Treatment
- soil application of ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.85 t ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- followed by application of nano zinc @150 ppm at150 ppm at V8 and GF stage (Z3) and nano zinc @100 ppm at V8 and GF stage (Z2)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest grain yield 8.85 t ha-1 followed by application of nano zinc @150 ppm at150 ppm at V8 and GF stage (Z3) and nano zinc @100 ppm at V8 and GF stage (Z2)”
e1“soil application of ZnSo4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (Z1)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend integrating 25 kg ZnSo4 ha-1 with 25% nitrogen substitution through nano urea to enhance maize productivity.
- Treatment
- 25 kg ZnSo4 ha-1 and 25% substitution of nitrogen through nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stagee0
- Outcome
- maize productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integration of 25 kg ZnSo4 ha-1 and 25% substitution of nitrogen through nano urea @ 4 ml/l at knee height and tasseling stage can enhance maize productivity”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.