Abstract
Bitter pit is a physiological disorder of pome fruit associated with calcium deficiency that renders fruit unsalable for fresh consumption. Unlike other macronutrients, calcium is exclusively mobile in xylem; however, within the fruit of apple, xylem becomes progressively more dysfunctional with maturity, effectively limiting calcium delivery to fruit tissues. Auxins promote the differentiation of xylem, and abscisic acid (ABA) is linked with calcium mobility. Therefore, we hypothesized that early-season applications of auxins (native and synthetic) or ABA would impart greater longevity and functionality to xylem tissue and/or improve the transport of calcium and mitigate bitter pit incidence. Exogenous indole-acetic acid, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and ABA were applied individually at 30, 45, and 60 days after full bloom in 2021 and 2022 to crop load-adjusted trees. The primary vascular bundle function was three-fold higher for NAA and ABA compared with the control and negatively correlated with bitter pit (−0.87) at harvest in 2021. Treatment differences in the number of vascular bundles were not observed in 2022, when bundle function was higher and fruit size was smaller than those in 2021. Peel calcium was unaffected by any treatments in either year; however, the most efficacious rates of auxins and ABA markedly and significantly reduced the bitter pit incidence of control fruit by 60% to 71% at harvest and by 54% to 65% after postharvest in 2021, and by 32% to 44% at harvest and by 36% to 45% after postharvest in 2022. More research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms by which these plant growth regulators mitigate the incidence of bitter pit.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
NAA and ABA increased primary vascular bundle function threefold compared with the control.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- NAA and ABAe2
- Outcome
- primary vascular bundle functione2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- three-folde2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the fruit of apple, xylem becomes progressively more dysfunctional with maturity”
e2“The primary vascular bundle function was three-fold higher for NAA and ABA compared with the control and negatively correlated with bitter pit (−0.87) at harvest in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Primary vascular bundle function was negatively correlated with bitter pit at harvest in 2021 (−0.87).
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- bitter pite2
- Direction
- negatively correlatede2
- Value
- −0.87e2
- Qualifier
- primary vascular bundle functione2
- Setting
- at harvest in 2021e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the fruit of apple, xylem becomes progressively more dysfunctional with maturity”
e2“The primary vascular bundle function was three-fold higher for NAA and ABA compared with the control and negatively correlated with bitter pit (−0.87) at harvest in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not change the number of vascular bundles in 2022.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Exogenous indole-acetic acid, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and ABAe1
- Outcome
- number of vascular bundlese3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
- Setting
- in 2022e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the fruit of apple, xylem becomes progressively more dysfunctional with maturity”
e1“Exogenous indole-acetic acid, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and ABA were applied individually at 30, 45, and 60 days after full bloom in 2021 and 2022 to crop load-adjusted trees”
e3“Treatment differences in the number of vascular bundles were not observed in 2022, when bundle function was higher and fruit size was smaller than those in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Bundle function was higher in 2022 than in 2021.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- bundle functione3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- those in 2021e3
- Setting
- 2022e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the fruit of apple, xylem becomes progressively more dysfunctional with maturity”
e3“Treatment differences in the number of vascular bundles were not observed in 2022, when bundle function was higher and fruit size was smaller than those in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit size was smaller in 2022 than in 2021.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- fruit sizee3
- Direction
- smallere3
- Comparator
- those in 2021e3
- Setting
- 2022e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the fruit of apple, xylem becomes progressively more dysfunctional with maturity”
e3“Treatment differences in the number of vascular bundles were not observed in 2022, when bundle function was higher and fruit size was smaller than those in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Peel calcium was not affected by any treatment in either year.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Exogenous indole-acetic acid, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and ABAe1
- Outcome
- Peel calciume4
- Direction
- unaffectede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the fruit of apple, xylem becomes progressively more dysfunctional with maturity”
e1“Exogenous indole-acetic acid, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and ABA were applied individually at 30, 45, and 60 days after full bloom in 2021 and 2022 to crop load-adjusted trees”
e4“Peel calcium was unaffected by any treatments in either year”
Claim · model-written summary
The most efficacious auxin and ABA rates reduced bitter pit incidence of control fruit by 60% to 71% at harvest in 2021.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- the most efficacious rates of auxins and ABAe5
- Outcome
- bitter pit incidencee5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 60% to 71%e5
- Qualifier
- at harveste5
- Comparator
- control fruite5
- Setting
- 2021e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the fruit of apple, xylem becomes progressively more dysfunctional with maturity”
e5“the most efficacious rates of auxins and ABA markedly and significantly reduced the bitter pit incidence of control fruit by 60% to 71% at harvest and by 54% to 65% after postharvest in 2021, and by 32% to 44% at harvest and by 36% to 45% after postharvest in 2022”
Claim · model-written summary
The most efficacious auxin and ABA rates reduced bitter pit incidence of control fruit by 54% to 65% after postharvest in 2021.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- the most efficacious rates of auxins and ABAe5
- Outcome
- bitter pit incidencee5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 54% to 65%e5
- Qualifier
- after postharveste5
- Comparator
- control fruite5
- Setting
- 2021e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the fruit of apple, xylem becomes progressively more dysfunctional with maturity”
e5“the most efficacious rates of auxins and ABA markedly and significantly reduced the bitter pit incidence of control fruit by 60% to 71% at harvest and by 54% to 65% after postharvest in 2021, and by 32% to 44% at harvest and by 36% to 45% after postharvest in 2022”
Claim · model-written summary
The most efficacious auxin and ABA rates reduced bitter pit incidence of control fruit by 32% to 44% at harvest in 2022.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- the most efficacious rates of auxins and ABAe5
- Outcome
- bitter pit incidencee5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 32% to 44%e5
- Qualifier
- at harveste5
- Comparator
- control fruite5
- Setting
- 2022e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the fruit of apple, xylem becomes progressively more dysfunctional with maturity”
e5“the most efficacious rates of auxins and ABA markedly and significantly reduced the bitter pit incidence of control fruit by 60% to 71% at harvest and by 54% to 65% after postharvest in 2021, and by 32% to 44% at harvest and by 36% to 45% after postharvest in 2022”
Claim · model-written summary
The most efficacious auxin and ABA rates reduced bitter pit incidence of control fruit by 36% to 45% after postharvest in 2022.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- the most efficacious rates of auxins and ABAe5
- Outcome
- bitter pit incidencee5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 36% to 45%e5
- Qualifier
- after postharveste5
- Comparator
- control fruite5
- Setting
- 2022e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the fruit of apple, xylem becomes progressively more dysfunctional with maturity”
e5“the most efficacious rates of auxins and ABA markedly and significantly reduced the bitter pit incidence of control fruit by 60% to 71% at harvest and by 54% to 65% after postharvest in 2021, and by 32% to 44% at harvest and by 36% to 45% after postharvest in 2022”
The same questions in other papers
indole-3-acetic acid · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
(+)-abscisic acid · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
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1-naphthaleneacetic acid · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
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See all 6 papers →(+)-abscisic acid · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
class · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.