Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops globally, serving as a staple food for millions of people. The productivity of wheat is often constrained by environmental stress, poor nutrient uptake, and limited photosynthetic efficiency. Bioregulators such as thiourea and kinetin have emerged as promising tools to modulate physiological and biochemical processes in plants, thereby improving growth, yield, and economic returns. The present investigation was carried out during the rabi season with nine treatments, including seed soaking and foliar application of bioregulators at tillering and flowering stages. Growth traits (plant height, dry matter accumulation, chlorophyll content), yield attributes (effective tillers, spike length, grains per spike, test weight), yields (grain, straw, biological yield, harvest index), and economics (net returns and benefit-cost ratio) were evaluated. The results revealed significant differences among treatments. Foliar application of thiourea (500 ppm) at tillering and flowering (T6) and combined seed soaking + foliar spray of thiourea (T8) showed maximum improvements in plant height (89.90 cm), dry matter accumulation (250.14 g/m row), chlorophyll content (2.29%), and yield attributes. These treatments also recorded the highest grain yield (4732 kg/ha), biological yield (11,442 kg/ha), and harvest index (41.36%). Net returns (Rs. 80,786/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (2.35) were also superior under thiourea foliar spray compared to control (Rs. 52,740/ha; 1.34 B:C). Kinetin application (T5, T7, T9) also improved growth and productivity but was slightly inferior to thiourea treatments. The study concluded that thiourea, particularly in foliar application or in combination with seed soaking, is a highly effective bioregulator in wheat for enhancing physiological traits, productivity, and profitability. These findings support the integration of plant bioregulators into wheat production strategies to optimize resource use efficiency and improve food security
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea foliar and combined treatments gave maximum plant height of 89.90 cm.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Foliar application of thiourea (500 ppm) at tillering and flowering (T6) and combined seed soaking + foliar spray of thiourea (T8)e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- maximum improvementse0
- Value
- 89.90 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of thiourea (500 ppm) at tillering and flowering (T6) and combined seed soaking + foliar spray of thiourea (T8) showed maximum improvements in plant height (89.90 cm), dry matter accumulation (250.14 g/m row), chlorophyll content (2.29%), and yield attributes”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea treatments gave maximum dry matter accumulation of 250.14 g/m row.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of thiourea (500 ppm) at tillering and flowering (T6) and combined seed soaking + foliar spray of thiourea (T8)e0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- maximum improvementse0
- Value
- 250.14 g/m rowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of thiourea (500 ppm) at tillering and flowering (T6) and combined seed soaking + foliar spray of thiourea (T8) showed maximum improvements in plant height (89.90 cm), dry matter accumulation (250.14 g/m row), chlorophyll content (2.29%), and yield attributes”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea treatments gave maximum chlorophyll content of 2.29%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of thiourea (500 ppm) at tillering and flowering (T6) and combined seed soaking + foliar spray of thiourea (T8)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- maximum improvementse0
- Value
- 2.29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of thiourea (500 ppm) at tillering and flowering (T6) and combined seed soaking + foliar spray of thiourea (T8) showed maximum improvements in plant height (89.90 cm), dry matter accumulation (250.14 g/m row), chlorophyll content (2.29%), and yield attributes”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea treatments improved yield attributes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of thiourea (500 ppm) at tillering and flowering (T6) and combined seed soaking + foliar spray of thiourea (T8)e0
- Outcome
- yield attributese0
- Direction
- maximum improvementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of thiourea (500 ppm) at tillering and flowering (T6) and combined seed soaking + foliar spray of thiourea (T8) showed maximum improvements in plant height (89.90 cm), dry matter accumulation (250.14 g/m row), chlorophyll content (2.29%), and yield attributes”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea treatments gave highest grain yield of 4732 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4732 kg/hae0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These treatments also recorded the highest grain yield (4732 kg/ha), biological yield (11,442 kg/ha), and harvest index (41.36%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea treatments gave highest biological yield of 11,442 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 11,442 kg/hae0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These treatments also recorded the highest grain yield (4732 kg/ha), biological yield (11,442 kg/ha), and harvest index (41.36%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea treatments gave highest harvest index of 41.36%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 41.36%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These treatments also recorded the highest grain yield (4732 kg/ha), biological yield (11,442 kg/ha), and harvest index (41.36%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea foliar spray gave superior net returns of Rs. 80,786/ha versus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- thiourea foliar spraye0
- Outcome
- Net returnse0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- Rs. 80,786/hae0
- Qualifier
- Rs. 52,740/hae0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Net returns (Rs. 80,786/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (2.35) were also superior under thiourea foliar spray compared to control (Rs. 52,740/ha; 1.34 B:C)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea foliar spray gave a superior benefit-cost ratio of 2.35 versus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- thiourea foliar spraye0
- Outcome
- benefit-cost ratioe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 2.35e0
- Qualifier
- 1.34 B:Ce0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Net returns (Rs. 80,786/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (2.35) were also superior under thiourea foliar spray compared to control (Rs. 52,740/ha; 1.34 B:C)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin improved growth and productivity but less than thiourea.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Kinetin application (T5, T7, T9)e0
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- thiourea treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kinetin application (T5, T7, T9) also improved growth and productivity but was slightly inferior to thiourea treatments”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support use of bioregulators in wheat production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- integration of plant bioregulators into wheat production strategiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings support the integration of plant bioregulators into wheat production strategies to optimize resource use efficiency and improve food security”
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See all 44 papers →8 of 16 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.