Abstract
In recent decades, the use of biostimulants has increased with the aim of creating an alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers and achieving sustainable agriculture. In this study, sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L. cv. neoma) were grown under controlled conditions, and four trigonelline-rich extracts were applied as biostimulants through root and foliar applications. The plant growth parameters, nutrient concentrations, root metabolic activity, and nutrient use efficiency were evaluated. The results showed that the foliar application of extract 4 significantly improved the aboveground biomass and leaf area compared with the control treatments, with values of 44.30 g FW and 680.22 cm2, respectively. Moreover, this extract enhanced nutrient accumulation. Meanwhile, foliar application of extract 3 improved macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations, as in the case of phosphorus, which increased by 74.2%, and iron, which increased by 107.3%. Root applications of extracts 3 and 4 increased apparent nutrient recovery, whereas foliar applications of extracts 3 and 4 improved internal nutrient use and productivity indices. Overall, the treatments showed no phytotoxicity and promoted growth, nutrient absorption, and nutrient use efficiency, with the best results observed in foliar treatments with high trigonelline content. These findings indicate that biostimulants with trigonelline-rich extracts could improve crop yield, reduce the use of fertilizer, and contribute to more sustainable agricultural systems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar extract 4 significantly improved sunflower aboveground biomass to 44.30 g FW versus controls.
- Taxon
- sunflower plants
Helianthus annuuse1 - Treatment
- foliar application of extract 4e0
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 44.30 g FWe0
- Comparator
- control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar application of extract 4 significantly improved the aboveground biomass and leaf area compared with the control treatments, with values of 44.30 g FW and 680.22 cm2, respectively”
e1“sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L. cv. neoma)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar extract 4 significantly improved sunflower leaf area to 680.22 cm2 versus controls.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- foliar application of extract 4e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 680.22 cm2e0
- Comparator
- control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar application of extract 4 significantly improved the aboveground biomass and leaf area compared with the control treatments, with values of 44.30 g FW and 680.22 cm2, respectively”
e1“sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L. cv. neoma)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar extract 4 enhanced sunflower nutrient accumulation.
- Taxon
- Sunflower PlantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- foliar application of extract 4e1
- Outcome
- nutrient accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, this extract enhanced nutrient accumulation”
e1“foliar application of extract 4”
t0“Sunflower Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar extract 3 increased sunflower phosphorus concentration by 74.2%.
- Taxon
- Sunflower PlantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- foliar application of extract 3e0
- Outcome
- phosphoruse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 74.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of extract 3 improved macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations, as in the case of phosphorus, which increased by 74.2%”
t0“Sunflower Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar extract 3 increased sunflower iron concentration by 107.3%.
- Taxon
- Sunflower PlantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- foliar application of extract 3e1
- Outcome
- irone0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 107.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“iron, which increased by 107.3%”
e1“foliar application of extract 3 improved macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations”
t0“Sunflower Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root extract 3 increased apparent nutrient recovery.
- Taxon
- Sunflower PlantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- extracts 3e0
- Outcome
- apparent nutrient recoverye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root applications of extracts 3 and 4 increased apparent nutrient recovery”
t0“Sunflower Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root extract 4 increased apparent nutrient recovery.
- Taxon
- Sunflower PlantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 4e0
- Outcome
- apparent nutrient recoverye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root applications of extracts 3 and 4 increased apparent nutrient recovery”
t0“Sunflower Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar extracts 3 and 4 improved internal nutrient use and productivity indices.
- Taxon
- Sunflower PlantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- foliar applications of extracts 3 and 4e0
- Outcome
- internal nutrient use and productivity indicese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar applications of extracts 3 and 4 improved internal nutrient use and productivity indices”
t0“Sunflower Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments showed no phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- Sunflower PlantsHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- no phytotoxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatments showed no phytotoxicity”
t0“Sunflower Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments with high trigonelline content produced the best overall results.
- Taxon
- Sunflower PlantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- foliar treatments with high trigonelline contente0
- Outcome
- best resultse0
- Direction
- beste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best results observed in foliar treatments with high trigonelline content”
t0“Sunflower Plants”
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