Abstract
Sweeney, Jason Allen. Glufosinate Tolerance of WideStrike¨ and LibertyLink¨ Cotton Varieties and the Recoverability of Cotton Following Terminal Removal. (Under the direction of Dr. Michael A. Jones). To evaluate the effects of topical application of glufosinate (Liberty 280SL, 24.5% glufosinate-ammonium salt) on cotton varieties with WideStrike¨ and LibertyLink¨ technologies, two field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 at the Pee Dee Research and Education Center (PDREC) in Florence, SC. In the first experiment, five WideStrike¨ cotton varieties (Phytogen [PHY] 367WRF, PHY 375WRF, PHY 440W, PHY 499WRF, and PHY 565WRF) and three LibertyLink¨ cotton varieties (FiberMax [FM] 1773LLB2, FM 1845LLB2, and Stoneville [ST] 4145LLB2) were sprayed topically with sequential applications of glufosinate at 0.59 kg haø_ (labeled rate) at the 1- to 3-leaf stage and the 7- to 9-leaf stage. Glufosinate- and weed-free plots were maintained as controls for each variety. WideStrike¨ varieties were up to 11% less tolerant to topical applications of glufosinate than LibertyLink¨ varieties. Symptoms of phytotoxicity, including leaf chlorosis and necrosis, appeared to be transient, and no differences in lint yield were found among the sprayed and unsprayed WideStrike¨ and LibertyLink¨ varieties evaluated at season's end. Regardless of gene expression for glufosinate tolerance, lint yield of cotton sprayed with glufosinate was 105 kg haø_ greater than that of unsprayed cotton and yield increases of sprayed cotton varieties are likely related to an increase in boll development. In the second experiment, PHY 375WRF and FM 1773LLB2 were sprayed topically at the 1- to 3-leaf stage, at the 7- to 9-leaf stage, and at both the 1- to 3- and 7- to 9-leaf stages with glufosinate at the 1, 2, 3, and 4x rates (0.59, 1.18, 1.77, and 2.36 kg haˉ_, respectively). In addition, each variety was sprayed topically at early bloom with glufosinate at the 1, 2, and 4x rates. Glufosinate- and weed-free plots were maintained as controls for both varieties. When glufosinate was applied at the 1- to 3-leaf stage, PHY 375WRF had 12, 21, 19, and 29% greater leaf injury than FM 1773LLB2 at the 1, 2, 3, and 4x rates, respectively. At the 7- to 9-leaf stage, PHY 375WRF exhibited 7, 11, 16, and 18% greater leaf injury than FM 1773LLB2 when glufosinate was applied at the 1, 2, 3, and 4x rates, respectively, and 9, 12, and 15% greater leaf injury than FM 1773LLB2 when glufosinate was applied at the 1, 2, and 4x rates early bloom, respectively. Application of labeled rates of glufosinate did not increase total leaf injury (percent leaf chlorosis + percent leaf necrosis) of sprayed FM 1773LLB2 compared with unsprayed FM 1773LLB2. At season's end, glufosinate application had no effect on total node accumulation or final plant height. Despite differing levels of glufosinate tolerance, no variety x glufosinate application interactions were observed for any plant growth, lint yield, or fiber property parameters evaluated. Compared with the untreated control, no differences in lint yield of sprayed cotton were observed. Glufosinate applied at the 3 and 4x rates at the 1- to 3-leaf stage reduced lint yield by 219 and 195 kg haˉ_ when compared with glufosinate applied at the 1x rate at the 1- to 3-leaf stage, respectively. Yield of cotton sprayed with glufosinate at the 3x rate at the 7- to 9-leaf stage was reduced 235 kg haˉ_ compared with cotton sprayed with glufosinate at the 1x rate at the 7- to 9-leaf stage. A third experiment simulating crop injury due to biotic or abiotic factors was conducted at PDREC by evaluating the response of irrigated and dryland cotton following terminal removal at various growth stages. Terminals of PHY 499WRF were removed by hand at five distinct cotton growth stages and at eight different nodal locations. Using standard garden shears, mainstems were severed below the 2nd node at the 2-leaf stage, below the 2nd and 4th nodes and the 4-leaf stage, below the 4th, 6th, and 8th nodes at the 8-leaf stage, below the 8th, 10th, and 12th nodes at the 12-leaf stage, and below the 12th, 14th, and 16th nodes at the 16-leaf stage. An untreated control was also maintained in irrigated and dryland conditions. Irrigation had no effect on the ability of cotton to recover following terminal removal. Recoverability of cotton following terminal injury is dependent on growing conditions from season to season, whereas numerous year x TRT interactions were observed for plant growth and fiber quality parameters evaluated in this study. However, final lint yield of cotton following terminal removal does not appear to be dependent on growing season. Compared with the untreated control, lint yield of PHY 499WRF was reduced (from greatest to least) by 25% following terminal removal below the 8th node at the 12-leaf stage, 21% when terminals removed below the 12th node at the 16-leaf stage, 17% when terminals were removed below the 4th node at the 8-leaf stage, 16% when terminals were removed below the 10th node at the 12-leaf stage, and 11% when terminals were removed below the 2nd node at the 4-leaf stage. At a given growth stage, greater reductions in lint yield were observed when terminal removal treatments were applied at lower positions on the mainstem.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
WideStrike cotton varieties were up to 11% less tolerant to topical glufosinate than LibertyLink varieties.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Material
- WideStrike¨ varietiese0
- Treatment
- topical applications of glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- tolerante0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Comparator
- LibertyLink¨ varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WideStrike¨ varieties were up to 11% less tolerant to topical applications of glufosinate than LibertyLink¨ varieties.”
t0“Glufosinate tolerance of widestrike and liberty-link cotton varieties and the recoverability of upland cotton following terminal removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate phytotoxicity symptoms were transient.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- Symptoms of phytotoxicity, including leaf chlorosis and necrosise0
- Qualifier
- transiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptoms of phytotoxicity, including leaf chlorosis and necrosis, appeared to be transient”
t0“Glufosinate tolerance of widestrike and liberty-link cotton varieties and the recoverability of upland cotton following terminal removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprayed and unsprayed WideStrike and LibertyLink varieties did not differ in lint yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- sprayede0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Comparator
- unsprayede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no differences in lint yield were found among the sprayed and unsprayed WideStrike¨ and LibertyLink¨ varieties evaluated at season's end”
t0“Glufosinate tolerance of widestrike and liberty-link cotton varieties and the recoverability of upland cotton following terminal removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate sprayed cotton yielded 105 kg haø_ more lint than unsprayed cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- sprayed with glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 105 kg haø_e0
- Comparator
- unsprayed cottone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lint yield of cotton sprayed with glufosinate was 105 kg haø_ greater than that of unsprayed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors linked yield increases in sprayed varieties to increased boll development.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- yield increasese0
- Qualifier
- likely related to an increase in boll developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield increases of sprayed cotton varieties are likely related to an increase in boll development”
Claim · model-written summary
At the 1- to 3-leaf stage, PHY 375WRF had 12, 21, 19 and 29% greater injury than FM 1773LLB2 at 1, 2, 3 and 4x glufosinate rates, respectively.
- Material
- PHY 375WRFe0
- Treatment
- glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- leaf injurye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 12, 21, 19, and 29%e0
- Comparator
- FM 1773LLB2e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“When glufosinate was applied at the 1- to 3-leaf stage, PHY 375WRF had 12, 21, 19, and 29% greater leaf injury than FM 1773LLB2 at the 1, 2, 3, and 4x rates, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At the 7- to 9-leaf stage, PHY 375WRF had 7, 11, 16 and 18% greater injury than FM 1773LLB2 at 1, 2, 3 and 4x rates, respectively.
- Material
- PHY 375WRFe0
- Treatment
- glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- leaf injurye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 7, 11, 16, and 18%e0
- Comparator
- FM 1773LLB2e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“At the 7- to 9-leaf stage, PHY 375WRF exhibited 7, 11, 16, and 18% greater leaf injury than FM 1773LLB2 when glufosinate was applied at the 1, 2, 3, and 4x rates, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At early bloom, PHY 375WRF had 9, 12 and 15% greater injury than FM 1773LLB2 at 1, 2 and 4x rates, respectively.
- Treatment
- glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- leaf injurye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 9, 12, and 15%e0
- Comparator
- FM 1773LLB2e0
Not reportedTaxonMaterial
Verbatim
e0“9, 12, and 15% greater leaf injury than FM 1773LLB2 when glufosinate was applied at the 1, 2, and 4x rates early bloom, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Labeled glufosinate rates did not increase total leaf injury of FM 1773LLB2 relative to unsprayed plants.
- Material
- FM 1773LLB2e0
- Treatment
- labeled rates of glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- total leaf injurye0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
- Comparator
- unsprayed FM 1773LLB2e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Application of labeled rates of glufosinate did not increase total leaf injury (percent leaf chlorosis + percent leaf necrosis) of sprayed FM 1773LLB2 compared with unsprayed FM 1773LLB2.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate application had no effect on total node accumulation or final plant height.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- glufosinate applicatione0
- Outcome
- total node accumulation or final plant heighte0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glufosinate application had no effect on total node accumulation or final plant height”
t0“Glufosinate tolerance of widestrike and liberty-link cotton varieties and the recoverability of upland cotton following terminal removal”
Claim · model-written summary
No variety by glufosinate interaction was observed for growth, lint yield or fiber properties.
- Treatment
- glufosinate applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant growth, lint yield, or fiber property parameterse0
- Direction
- noe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“no variety x glufosinate application interactions were observed for any plant growth, lint yield, or fiber property parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprayed cotton did not differ in lint yield from untreated control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- sprayede0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the untreated control, no differences in lint yield of sprayed cotton were observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
At the 1- to 3-leaf stage, the 3x rate reduced lint yield by 219 kg haˉ_ relative to 1x.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 3 and 4x rates at the 1- to 3-leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 219e0
- Comparator
- glufosinate applied at the 1x rate at the 1- to 3-leaf stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glufosinate applied at the 3 and 4x rates at the 1- to 3-leaf stage reduced lint yield by 219 and 195 kg haˉ_ when compared with glufosinate applied at the 1x rate at the 1- to 3-leaf stage”
t0“Glufosinate tolerance of widestrike and liberty-link cotton varieties and the recoverability of upland cotton following terminal removal”
Claim · model-written summary
At the 1- to 3-leaf stage, the 4x rate reduced lint yield by 195 kg haˉ_ relative to 1x.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 3 and 4x rates at the 1- to 3-leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 195 kg haˉ_e0
- Comparator
- glufosinate applied at the 1x rate at the 1- to 3-leaf stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glufosinate applied at the 3 and 4x rates at the 1- to 3-leaf stage reduced lint yield by 219 and 195 kg haˉ_ when compared with glufosinate applied at the 1x rate at the 1- to 3-leaf stage”
t0“Glufosinate tolerance of widestrike and liberty-link cotton varieties and the recoverability of upland cotton following terminal removal”
Claim · model-written summary
At the 7- to 9-leaf stage, 3x glufosinate reduced cotton yield by 235 kg haˉ_ relative to 1x.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- glufosinate at the 3x rate at the 7- to 9-leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 235 kg haˉ_e0
- Comparator
- cotton sprayed with glufosinate at the 1x rate at the 7- to 9-leaf stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield of cotton sprayed with glufosinate at the 3x rate at the 7- to 9-leaf stage was reduced 235 kg haˉ_ compared with cotton sprayed with glufosinate at the 1x rate at the 7- to 9-leaf stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation did not affect cotton recovery after terminal removal.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- ability of cotton to recover following terminal removale0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation had no effect on the ability of cotton to recover following terminal removal.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton recovery after terminal injury depended on seasonal growing conditions.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- Recoverabilitye0
- Direction
- dependente0
- Setting
- growing conditions from season to seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Recoverability of cotton following terminal injury is dependent on growing conditions from season to season”
Claim · model-written summary
Final lint yield after terminal removal did not appear to depend on growing season.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- final lint yielde0
- Direction
- does not appear to be dependente0
- Setting
- growing seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“final lint yield of cotton following terminal removal does not appear to be dependent on growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Terminal removal reduced PHY 499WRF lint yield by 25%, 21%, 17%, 16% and 11% at the listed node and stage treatments versus untreated control.
- Material
- PHY 499WRFe0
- Treatment
- terminal removale0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the untreated control, lint yield of PHY 499WRF was reduced (from greatest to least) by 25% following terminal removal below the 8th node at the 12-leaf stage, 21% when terminals removed below the 12th node at the 16-leaf stage, 17% when terminals were removed below the 4th node at the 8-leaf stage, 16% when terminals were removed below the 10th node at the 12-leaf stage, and 11% when terminals were removed below the 2nd node at the 4-leaf stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
At a given growth stage, lower terminal removal positions caused greater lint yield reductions.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- terminal removal treatmentse0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- greater reductionse0
- Qualifier
- lower positions on the mainsteme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At a given growth stage, greater reductions in lint yield were observed when terminal removal treatments were applied at lower positions on the mainstem.”
t0“Glufosinate tolerance of widestrike and liberty-link cotton varieties and the recoverability of upland cotton following terminal removal”
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