Abstract
Titanium, a beneficial element, has shown potential in promoting plant growth, stress resilience, and nutrient uptake in various crops. This study aims to investigate the effective concentration (500, 1000, and 1500 ppm for cabbage; 50, 100, 150 ppm for capsicum) and application method (seed or foliar) of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) in combination with different nutrient sources (chemical fertilizers only; integration of chemical fertilizers with vermicompost) on yield and physiological attributes of cabbage and capsicum. The data from two-year open-field experiments, laid out in randomized block design, revealed that application of nano-TiO2 @1000 ppm through seed treatment with integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost significantly increased net head weight, harvest index, protein, and chlorophyll contents (a & b) in cabbage. On the other hand, foliar application of nano-TiO2 @500 ppm with chemical fertilizer recorded maximum value of gross head weight in cabbage. On the other hand, in capsicum, integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost along with seed treatment of nano-TiO2 @50 ppm enhanced pericarp thickness, ascorbic acid, protein, and chlorophyll contents (a & b); and foliar spray with nano-TiO2 @100 ppm increased number of fruits per plant, although the effect on ascorbic acid in cabbage and fruit shape index in capsicum was non-significant. Results of study confirmed that yield and physiological metrics of cabbage and capsicum were improved by efficient nutrient management, when nanoparticles are applied along with integration of organic and inorganic sources. The given module fostered the vision of combining sustainable nutrient strategies and nanoparticles application for enhancing vegetable productivity.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Seed nano-TiO2 at 1000 ppm with chemical fertilizers and vermicompost increased cabbage net head weight and harvest index.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae0 - Treatment
- nano-TiO2 @1000 ppm through seed treatment with integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- net head weight, harvest indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of nano-TiO2 @1000 ppm through seed treatment with integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost significantly increased net head weight, harvest index, protein, and chlorophyll contents (a & b) in cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
The same cabbage treatment increased protein and chlorophyll contents.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- nano-TiO2 @1000 ppm through seed treatment with integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- protein, and chlorophyll contents (a & b)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of nano-TiO2 @1000 ppm through seed treatment with integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost significantly increased net head weight, harvest index, protein, and chlorophyll contents (a & b) in cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nano-TiO2 at 500 ppm with chemical fertilizer gave maximum gross cabbage head weight.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- foliar application of nano-TiO2 @500 ppm with chemical fertilizere0
- Outcome
- gross head weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of nano-TiO2 @500 ppm with chemical fertilizer recorded maximum value of gross head weight in cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed nano-TiO2 at 50 ppm with integrated fertilizers enhanced capsicum pericarp thickness.
- Treatment
- integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost along with seed treatment of nano-TiO2 @50 ppme0
- Outcome
- pericarp thicknesse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
CapsicumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost along with seed treatment of nano-TiO2 @50 ppm enhanced pericarp thickness, ascorbic acid, protein, and chlorophyll contents (a & b)”
t0“capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
The same capsicum treatment enhanced ascorbic acid, protein and chlorophyll contents.
- Treatment
- integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost along with seed treatment of nano-TiO2 @50 ppme0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid, protein, and chlorophyll contents (a & b)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost along with seed treatment of nano-TiO2 @50 ppm enhanced pericarp thickness, ascorbic acid, protein, and chlorophyll contents (a & b)”
t0“capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nano-TiO2 at 100 ppm increased capsicum fruit number per plant.
- Treatment
- foliar spray with nano-TiO2 @100 ppme0
- Outcome
- number of fruits per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spray with nano-TiO2 @100 ppm increased number of fruits per plant”
t0“capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect on cabbage ascorbic acid was non-significant.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Outcome
- effect on ascorbic acide0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effect on ascorbic acid in cabbage and fruit shape index in capsicum was non-significant”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect on capsicum fruit shape index was non-significant.
- Outcome
- fruit shape indexe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit shape index in capsicum was non-significant”
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8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.