Abstract
Utilizing beneficial plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) offers an effective approach for achieving sustainable crop production. However, research on the application and mechanisms of PGPR seed coating in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) remains limited. Therefore, we conducted a two-year field experiment involving five seed-coating treatments: untreated (CK), chemical coating (CB), Bacillus velezensis coating (SM), and two composite formulations, CM1 ( Bacillus subtilis + Paenibacillus mucilaginosus ) and CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis ). The results showed that PGPR markedly improved soil NO₃ − -N and available P contents by stimulating carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling enzymes. During potato flowering stages, soil NO₃ − -N and available P increased by 16.29 and 17.29%, respectively. PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB, and elevated SPAD values and net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) at flowering by 20.22 and 32.22%, respectively. At maturity, potato aboveground, root, and tuber dry matter under PGPR increasing by 31.27, 44.21, and 41.88% compared with CB. Enhanced root biomass and nutrient acquisition promoted nutrient redistribution in potato, increasing N and P translocation to tubers by 17.13 and 50.48%, respectively. CM2 exhibited the highest tuber N and P accumulation, increasing by 66.74 and 55.25%, and achieved a 38.9% higher yield compared with the other treatments. Overall, PGPR enhanced soil nutrient availability, plant photosynthetic performance, nutrient acquisition, and nutrient translocation, thereby supporting greater biomass accumulation and promoting sustainable potato production. The PGPR seed coating represents an effective and scalable strategy for achieving resource-efficient and sustainable potato production.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased soil nitrate nitrogen by 16.29% at potato flowering.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Organ / stage
- flowering stagese0
- Treatment
- PGPRe1
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil NO₃ − -Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.29e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During potato flowering stages, soil NO₃ − -N and available P increased by 16.29 and 17.29%, respectively.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased available soil phosphorus by 17.29% at flowering.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagese0
- Treatment
- PGPRe1
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- available Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During potato flowering stages, soil NO₃ − -N and available P increased by 16.29 and 17.29%, respectively.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased potato height by 10.89% relative to chemical coating.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- PGPRe0
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.89e0
- Comparator
- CBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased stem diameter by 34.46% relative to chemical coating.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- PGPRe0
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34.46%e0
- Comparator
- CBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased flowering SPAD by 20.22%.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- PGPRe1
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- SPAD valuese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 20.22e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated SPAD values and net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) at flowering by 20.22 and 32.22%, respectively.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased flowering net photosynthetic rate by 32.22%.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- PGPRe1
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate ( P n )e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 32.22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated SPAD values and net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) at flowering by 20.22 and 32.22%, respectively.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased aboveground dry matter by 31.27% relative to chemical coating.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- PGPRe0
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- abovegrounde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 31.27e0
- Comparator
- CBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potato aboveground, root, and tuber dry matter under PGPR increasing by 31.27, 44.21, and 41.88% compared with CB.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased root dry matter by 44.21% relative to chemical coating.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- PGPRe0
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- roote0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 44.21e0
- Comparator
- CBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potato aboveground, root, and tuber dry matter under PGPR increasing by 31.27, 44.21, and 41.88% compared with CB.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased tuber dry matter by 41.88% relative to chemical coating.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- PGPRe0
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- tuber dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 41.88%e0
- Comparator
- CBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potato aboveground, root, and tuber dry matter under PGPR increasing by 31.27, 44.21, and 41.88% compared with CB.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
Potato tuber nitrogen translocation rose by 17.13%.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- N and P translocation to tuberse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 17.13e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing N and P translocation to tubers by 17.13 and 50.48%, respectively.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
Potato tuber phosphorus translocation rose by 50.48%.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- P translocation to tuberse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 50.48%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing N and P translocation to tubers by 17.13 and 50.48%, respectively.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
CM2 increased tuber nitrogen accumulation by 66.74%.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- CM2e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis
Bacillus subtilise2symbiont - Outcome
- tuber N and P accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 66.74e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CM2 exhibited the highest tuber N and P accumulation, increasing by 66.74 and 55.25%”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
CM2 increased tuber phosphorus accumulation by 55.25%.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- CM2e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformisBacillus subtilise2symbiont
- Outcome
- tuber N and P accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 55.25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CM2 exhibited the highest tuber N and P accumulation, increasing by 66.74 and 55.25%”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
CM2 yielded 38.9% more than the other treatments.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- CM2e2
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformisBacillus subtilise2symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 38.9%e0
- Comparator
- the other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“achieved a 38.9% higher yield compared with the other treatments.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR was reported to stimulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling enzymes in soil.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil NO₃ − -N and available P contentse0
- Qualifier
- by stimulating carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling enzymese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR markedly improved soil NO₃ − -N and available P contents by stimulating carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling enzymes.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR seed coating was recommended as a scalable potato production strategy.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriat0symbiont
- Outcome
- PGPR seed coatinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PGPR seed coating represents an effective and scalable strategy for achieving resource-efficient and sustainable potato production.”
t0“Seed coating with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and yield”
e1“PGPR also increased plant height and stem diameter by 10.89 and 34.46% relative to CB”
e2“CM2 ( Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis )”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.