Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether and how brassinosteroids (BRs) and jasmonates (JAs) respond to irrigation regimes and mediate phosphorus (P) uptake and transport in rice. Over three years, an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field at either no P fertilizer application (0 P) or with P fertilizer application (NP). Three irrigation regimes were implemented: continuously flooding (CF), wetting alternated with moderate drying (WMD), and wetting alternated with severe drying (WSD). The results showed that, compared to CF and at both 0 P and NP, WMD significantly increased BRs levels in roots and leaves and JAs levels in leaves, leading to increases in acid phosphatase (APase) activities in roots and proton-pumping ATPase (H + -ATPase) activities and the expression of genes related to P uptake and transport in both roots and leaves, P uptake and transport, grain yield, irrigation water productivity, and internal P use efficiency (PIE). WSD decreased BRs levels in plants, APase activities and the gene expression in roots, P uptake, and grain yield. However, WSD substantially enhanced JAs levels in roots and leaves, and increased H + -ATPase activities and the gene expression in leaves and ribonuclease activities in both roots and leaves, P transport from straws to the grain, resulting in an increase of PIE. Applying 24-epibrassinolide and jasmonic acid verified roles of BRs and JAs in regulating P uptake and transport. These findings suggest that elevating BRs levels in both roots and leaves and JAs levels in leaves is an important strategy to increase grain yield and PIE, and WMD is an effective way to realize the strategy.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
WMD significantly increased brassinosteroid levels in rice roots and leaves compared with CF.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- WMDe1
- Outcome
- BRs levels in roots and leavese1
- Direction
- significantly increasede1
- Qualifier
- at both 0 P and NPe1
- Comparator
- CFe1
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e1“compared to CF and at both 0 P and NP, WMD significantly increased BRs levels in roots and leaves and JAs levels in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
WMD significantly increased jasmonate levels in rice leaves compared with CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WMDe1
- Outcome
- JAs levels in leavese1
- Direction
- significantly increasede1
- Qualifier
- at both 0 P and NPe1
- Comparator
- CFe1
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e1“compared to CF and at both 0 P and NP, WMD significantly increased BRs levels in roots and leaves and JAs levels in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
WMD increased acid phosphatase activities in rice roots compared with CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WMDe1
- Outcome
- acid phosphatase (APase) activities in rootse2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Comparator
- CFe1
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e1“compared to CF and at both 0 P and NP, WMD significantly increased BRs levels in roots and leaves and JAs levels in leaves”
e2“leading to increases in acid phosphatase (APase) activities in roots and proton-pumping ATPase (H + -ATPase) activities and the expression of genes related to P uptake and transport in both roots and leaves, P uptake and transport, grain yield, irrigation water productivity, and internal P use efficiency (PIE)”
Claim · model-written summary
WMD increased proton-pumping ATPase activities in rice compared with CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WMDe1
- Outcome
- proton-pumping ATPase (H + -ATPase) activitiese2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Comparator
- CFe1
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e1“compared to CF and at both 0 P and NP, WMD significantly increased BRs levels in roots and leaves and JAs levels in leaves”
e2“leading to increases in acid phosphatase (APase) activities in roots and proton-pumping ATPase (H + -ATPase) activities and the expression of genes related to P uptake and transport in both roots and leaves, P uptake and transport, grain yield, irrigation water productivity, and internal P use efficiency (PIE)”
Claim · model-written summary
WMD increased the expression of genes related to P uptake and transport in rice roots and leaves compared with CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WMDe1
- Outcome
- the expression of genes related to P uptake and transporte2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Comparator
- CFe1
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e1“compared to CF and at both 0 P and NP, WMD significantly increased BRs levels in roots and leaves and JAs levels in leaves”
e2“leading to increases in acid phosphatase (APase) activities in roots and proton-pumping ATPase (H + -ATPase) activities and the expression of genes related to P uptake and transport in both roots and leaves, P uptake and transport, grain yield, irrigation water productivity, and internal P use efficiency (PIE)”
Claim · model-written summary
WMD increased P uptake and transport, grain yield and irrigation water productivity compared with CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WMDe1
- Outcome
- P uptake and transport, grain yield, irrigation water productivitye2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Comparator
- CFe1
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e1“compared to CF and at both 0 P and NP, WMD significantly increased BRs levels in roots and leaves and JAs levels in leaves”
e2“leading to increases in acid phosphatase (APase) activities in roots and proton-pumping ATPase (H + -ATPase) activities and the expression of genes related to P uptake and transport in both roots and leaves, P uptake and transport, grain yield, irrigation water productivity, and internal P use efficiency (PIE)”
Claim · model-written summary
WMD increased internal P use efficiency in rice compared with CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WMDe1
- Outcome
- internal P use efficiency (PIE)e2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Comparator
- CFe1
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e1“compared to CF and at both 0 P and NP, WMD significantly increased BRs levels in roots and leaves and JAs levels in leaves”
e2“leading to increases in acid phosphatase (APase) activities in roots and proton-pumping ATPase (H + -ATPase) activities and the expression of genes related to P uptake and transport in both roots and leaves, P uptake and transport, grain yield, irrigation water productivity, and internal P use efficiency (PIE)”
Claim · model-written summary
WSD decreased brassinosteroid levels in rice plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WSDe3
- Outcome
- BRs levels in plantse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e3“WSD decreased BRs levels in plants, APase activities and the gene expression in roots, P uptake, and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
WSD decreased APase activities and the expression of genes in rice roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WSDe3
- Outcome
- APase activities and the gene expression in rootse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e3“WSD decreased BRs levels in plants, APase activities and the gene expression in roots, P uptake, and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
WSD decreased P uptake and grain yield in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WSDe3
- Outcome
- P uptake, and grain yielde3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e3“WSD decreased BRs levels in plants, APase activities and the gene expression in roots, P uptake, and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
WSD substantially enhanced jasmonate levels in rice roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WSDe4
- Outcome
- JAs levels in roots and leavese4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e4“WSD substantially enhanced JAs levels in roots and leaves, and increased H + -ATPase activities and the gene expression in leaves and ribonuclease activities in both roots and leaves, P transport from straws to the grain, resulting in an increase of PIE”
Claim · model-written summary
WSD increased proton-pumping ATPase activities and gene expression in rice leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WSDe4
- Outcome
- H + -ATPase activities and the gene expression in leavese4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e4“WSD substantially enhanced JAs levels in roots and leaves, and increased H + -ATPase activities and the gene expression in leaves and ribonuclease activities in both roots and leaves, P transport from straws to the grain, resulting in an increase of PIE”
Claim · model-written summary
WSD increased ribonuclease activities in rice roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WSDe4
- Outcome
- ribonuclease activities in both roots and leavese4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e4“WSD substantially enhanced JAs levels in roots and leaves, and increased H + -ATPase activities and the gene expression in leaves and ribonuclease activities in both roots and leaves, P transport from straws to the grain, resulting in an increase of PIE”
Claim · model-written summary
WSD increased P transport from straws to the grain in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WSDe4
- Outcome
- P transport from straws to the graine4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e4“WSD substantially enhanced JAs levels in roots and leaves, and increased H + -ATPase activities and the gene expression in leaves and ribonuclease activities in both roots and leaves, P transport from straws to the grain, resulting in an increase of PIE”
Claim · model-written summary
WSD increased internal P use efficiency in rice.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e4“WSD substantially enhanced JAs levels in roots and leaves, and increased H + -ATPase activities and the gene expression in leaves and ribonuclease activities in both roots and leaves, P transport from straws to the grain, resulting in an increase of PIE”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 24-epibrassinolide and jasmonic acid verified that BRs and JAs regulate P uptake and transport in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 24-epibrassinolide and jasmonic acide5
- Compound
- BRs and JAse5
- Outcome
- P uptake and transporte5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e5“Applying 24-epibrassinolide and jasmonic acid verified roles of BRs and JAs in regulating P uptake and transport”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevating BRs in roots and leaves and JAs in leaves is an important strategy to increase rice grain yield and PIE.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- elevating BRs levels in both roots and leaves and JAs levels in leavese6
- Outcome
- grain yield and PIEe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e6“elevating BRs levels in both roots and leaves and JAs levels in leaves is an important strategy to increase grain yield and PIE”
Claim · model-written summary
WMD is an effective way to realize the strategy of elevating BRs and JAs in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- WMDe7
- Outcome
- realize the strategye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Indica/Japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field”
e7“WMD is an effective way to realize the strategy”
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