Search claims · PlantClaims

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Early maize kernel development showed little dry weight increase.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Organ / stage: kernel developmente0
Outcome: dry weighte0
Direction: very little increasee0

Verbatim

e0
“At the early stages of kernel development, there was very little increase in dry weight”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 217–304

t0
“maize kernel”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 23–35

Title

Gene expression during maize kernel development

Douglas C. Doehlert; Leslie J. Smith; Edwin R. Duke Seed Science Research 1994. doi:10.1017/s0960258500002336

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation Early maize kernels accumulated high sugar concentrations.
Observation Early maize kernels accumulated high amino acid concentrations.
Observation Many transcripts appeared at 15 DPP with little evidence of translation.
Observation Total RNA rose suddenly at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Observation Enzyme activities increased at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Observation Storage product accumulation began at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Association Zein accumulation was highly correlated with α-zein transcript abundance during kernel fill.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with ADP-GIc pyrophosphorylase activity.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with Shrunken-2 transcript abundance.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with Brittle-2 transcript abundance.
Observation Kernel DNA content increased linearly up to 30 DPP.
Mechanism Endoreplication accounted for the rise in kernel DNA content up to 30 DPP.
Association Kernel DNA content had no apparent relationship with gene expression.
Observation Kernel fill ended when moisture content fell below 36%.
Observation Transcript abundance declined when kernel fill ended.
Observation Enzyme activities decreased when kernel fill ended.

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The authors infer that drought directly affects kernel water status and that this may determine kernel development.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: droughte0
Outcome: kernel developmente0
Qualifier: kernel water status is affected directly by droughte0

Verbatim

e0
“The results indicate that kernel water status is affected directly by drought and may be an important determinant of kernel development.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1462–1598

t0
“maize ( Zea mays L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 59–79

Title

Water Status and Development of the Maize Endosperm and Embryo during Drought

Mark E. Westgate Crop Science 1994. doi:10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183x003400010014x

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Withholding irrigation decreased maize endosperm and embryo mass by 16% relative to controls.
Intervention effect Water deficit shortened the effective filling period.
Intervention effect Water deficit did not alter dry matter accumulation rate in maize endosperm or embryo.
Observation Leaf and stalk carbohydrate reserves and leaf nitrogen were remobilized to support maize kernel growth.
Observation Grain filling stopped before those reserves were completely depleted.
Observation Grain filling continued until maize endosperm moisture reached 280 g kg −1 fresh wt.
Observation Grain filling continued until maize embryo moisture reached 430 g kg −1 fresh wt.
Intervention effect Water deficit caused plants to reach the moisture thresholds 10 days earlier than controls.
Intervention effect Endosperm water loss began sooner after anthesis under water deficit.
Intervention effect Maximum embryo water content was lower under water deficit than in controls.
Observation Kernel and embryo osmotic potentials fell rapidly late in grain filling and were − 2.2.to − 2.6 MPa when growth stopped.
Mechanism The authors suggest postanthesis deficit shortens grain filling by premature endosperm desiccation and limited embryo volume.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Improved chloride nutrition enhanced plant development, increased immature kernel weights and accelerated kernel growth during grain fill.

Taxon: Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Improved CI nutritione0
Outcome: plant development, increase immature kernel weights, and accelerated kernel growthe0
Direction: enhancede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“Winter Wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 53–65

e0
“Improved CI nutrition enhanced plant development, increase immature kernel weights, and accelerated kernel growth during the grain‐fill period”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1060–1202

Title

Grain Yield, Kernel Weight, and Disease Responses of Winter Wheat Cultivars to Chloride Fertilization

Richard E. Engel; Joyce Eckhoff; Robert K. Berg Agronomy Journal 1994. doi:10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600050025x

Other claims from this paper (11)

Intervention effect Chloride increased winter wheat yield by an average of 267 kg ha-1 (7%) at seven responsive sites.
Intervention effect The size of the yield response to chloride was generally not affected by cultivar selection.
Method / resource Whole-plant chloride analyses were useful in discriminating yield responsive (3.0 g kg-1 or less) from nonresponsive (above 3.0 g kg-1) sites.
Intervention effect Fertilizer chloride increased mature kernel weights by up to 17% at eight sites.
Observation Kernel weight was the most important yield component affected by chloride.
Intervention effect Physiological leaf spot in Redwin and Manning was suppressed by fertilizer chloride.
Intervention effect Flag leaf senescence in Weston and QT542 was suppressed by fertilizer chloride.
Intervention effect Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici) was suppressed by fertilizer chloride.
Intervention effect Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) was suppressed by fertilizer chloride.
Mechanism Suppression of foliar disease and disease-like symptoms may explain in part the yield responses to chloride.
Observation Yield response to chloride occurred even without foliar disease and disease-like suppression.

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Early kernel development was highly dependent on carbohydrates from current photosynthesis.

Outcome: early kernel developmente0
Qualifier: a continued supply of carbohydrates from concurrent photosynthesise0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“early kernel development is highly dependent on a continued supply of carbohydrates from concurrent photosynthesis”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1568–1682

Title

Maize Kernel Set at Low Water Potential: I. Sensitivity to Reduced Assimilates during Early Kernel Growth

J. R. Schussler; M. E. Westgate Crop Science 1991. doi:10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183x003100050023x

Other claims from this paper (13)

Observation Moderate water deficit gave silk water potential of about −0.7 MPa at pollination.
Observation Severe water deficit gave silk water potential of about −1.1 MPa at pollination.
Observation Control plants averaged 581 kernels per ear.
Intervention effect Moderate water deficit decreased kernel number by 48%.
Intervention effect Severe water deficit decreased kernel number by 99%.
Intervention effect Moderate low light decreased kernel number by 40%.
Intervention effect Severe low light decreased kernel number by 100%.
Association Kernel losses reflected photosynthesis inhibition regardless of water status.
Intervention effect Water deficit reduced dry matter, carbohydrate and reduced nitrogen partitioning to kernels.
Intervention effect Low light reduced dry matter, carbohydrate and reduced nitrogen partitioning to kernels.
Observation Carbohydrates continued to accumulate in stalk and leaf tissue immediately after pollination.
Mechanism Some stalk and leaf reserves appeared unavailable for early kernel growth at low water potential.
Mechanism Water deficits increased developmental failure by limiting carbohydrate supply.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Plastidic GS2 declined progressively during kernel development.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse1
Gene: GS2e0
Outcome: GS2e0
Direction: declinede0

Verbatim

e0
“GS2, declined progressively during kernel development”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1014–1067

e1
“maize stalk samples”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 504–523

Title

Nitrogen Metabolism in the Stalk Tissue of Maize

Chanh T. Ta PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991. doi:10.1104/pp.97.4.1375

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation At anthesis, maize stalk held about 40% of plant N.
Observation Maize stalk contributed 45% of nitrogen remobilized to the ear.
Observation Glutamine synthetase activity remained high in maize stalk during ear development.
Observation Glutamate synthase activity peaked soon after anthesis.
Observation Nitrate reductase activity was negligible in stalk samples.
Observation Nitrogen feeding confirmed high glutamine synthetase activity and low nitrate reductase activity in anthesis stalk sections.
Observation Cytoplasmic GS1 reached maximum levels two weeks after anthesis and stayed fairly high afterward.
Observation Glutamine synthetase protein levels stayed high after anthesis.
Intervention effect Transfer from nitrogen starvation to nitrogen-rich conditions decreased GS protein levels.
Intervention effect Transfer from abundant nitrogen to nitrogen-free medium increased GS protein levels.
Mechanism The authors inferred a central role for GS1 in moving nitrogenous compounds from stalk to ear.

Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Kernel number per ear was independent of floral development stage at silking.

Taxon: MaizeZea mayst0
Organ / stage: floral development stage at siikinge0
Outcome: Kernel number per eare0
Direction: independente0

Verbatim

e0
“Kernel number per ear was independent of floral development stage at siiking”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1300–1376

t0
“Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 50–55

Title

Kernel Set and Flower Synchrony within the Ear of Maize : I. Sowing Date Effects

María E. Otegui; Soledad Melón Crop Science 1997. doi:10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183x003700020023x

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Kernel length and width were most sensitive to high temperature earlier in development.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: high temperaturee0
Outcome: kernel dimensions (length and width)e0
Qualifier: earlier in developmente0

Not reportedComparatorDirection

Verbatim

e0
“other kernel dimensions (length and width) were most sensitive to high temperature earlier in development.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 697–803

t0
“rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 100–104

Title

The effect of high temperature on kernel dimensions and the type and occurrence of kernel damage in rice

T Tashiro; IF Wardlaw Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 1991. doi:10.1071/ar9910485

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect High temperature reduced kernel thickness most when started 12 days after heading.
Intervention effect Sterility and pathenocarpy were greatest at 39/34¦C and most evident with treatment beginning at heading.
Intervention effect Abortive and opaque kernels were most evident with heat starting four days after heading and most numerous at the highest temperature.
Mechanism Temperatures above 27/22¦C appear to interfere with early endosperm cell division and development.
Association Chalky endosperm took several forms depending on temperature and treatment timing.
Intervention effect White-core kernels occurred only at 27/22¦C.
Intervention effect White-back kernels were most numerous at 36/31¦C and with heat beginning 16 days after heading.
Intervention effect Milky-white kernels occurred in all treatments except 24/19¦C, peaked at 36/31¦C, and were most evident with heat starting 12 days after heading.
Observation Endosperm cellular morphology differed among damage types.
Mechanism Chalkiness was associated with numerous air spaces among loosely packed starch granules and altered light refraction.

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ovary water status was suggested to directly affect kernel development.

Taxon: MaizeZea mayst0
Outcome: kernel developmente0
Qualifier: ovary water statuse0

Verbatim

e0
“Sucrose uptake by isolated ovaries was inhibited at low water potential, suggesting a direct effect of ovary water status on kernel development.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1610–1754

t0
“Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–5

Title

Maize Kernel Set at Low Water Potential: II. Sensitivity to Reduced Assimilates at Pollination

J. R. Schussler; M. E. Westgate Crop Science 1991. doi:10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183x003100050024x

Other claims from this paper (13)

Intervention effect Water deficit decreased ovary water potential by 0.6 MPa relative to well-watered plants.
Intervention effect Water deficit decreased ovary osmotic potential by 0.3 MPa relative to well-watered plants.
Intervention effect Water deficit decreased ovary turgor by 0.3 MPa relative to well-watered plants.
Observation Leaf photosynthesis recovered to control values within 24 hours after treatments ended two days after pollination.
Observation Control plants had 598 ± 17 kernels per ear.
Intervention effect Low-light plants had fewer kernels per ear, 222 ± 72, than controls.
Intervention effect Water-deficit plants had fewer kernels per ear, 15 ± 6, than controls.
Intervention effect Brief photosynthesis inhibition had little impact on vegetative C and N accumulation.
Intervention effect Brief photosynthesis inhibition severely reduced assimilate movement to reproductive sinks.
Observation Ovary fructose, glucose and sucrose concentrations at pollination were similar among treatments.
Mechanism High sugars in setting and aborting ovaries suggest kernel set depends on assimilate movement rather than soluble sugar concentrations.
Intervention effect Low water potential inhibited sucrose uptake by isolated ovaries.
Mechanism Low ovary water potential reduced kernel set beyond the effect attributable to reduced assimilate supplies alone.

Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

An excessive fruit load or fruit stress was associated with decreased kernel development in pecan.

Taxon: pecanCarya illinoinensise0
Treatment: excessive fruit loade1
Outcome: kernel developmente2
Direction: decreasede2

Verbatim

e0
“trees of pecan”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 107–121

e1
“An excessive fruit load or fruit stress elevated”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 408–456

e2
“decreased kernel development”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 592–620

Title

Fruiting Stress Induces Shuck Decline and Premature Germination in Pecan

Darrell Sparks; William Reid; I.E. Yates; et al. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 1995. doi:10.21273/jashs.120.1.43

Other claims from this paper (5)

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

emp2-R mutation retarded and aborted kernel development.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Gene: empty pericarp2‐Re0
Outcome: retardation and subsequent abortion of maize kernel developmente0

Verbatim

e0
“The defective kernel mutation empty pericarp2‐R ( emp2‐R ) causes retardation and subsequent abortion of maize kernel development.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 8–138

Title

The maize gene empty pericarp‐2 is required for progression beyond early stages of embryogenesis

Michael J. Scanlon; Alan M. Myers; Richard G. Schneeberger; et al. The Plant Journal 1997. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1997.12040901.x

Other claims from this paper (6)

Observation Embryo defects persisted despite normal endosperm.
Observation Mutant embryos reached an abnormal coleoptilar stage before aborting.
Observation Mutants formed scutellum and coleoptile but no leaves.
Observation Shoot meristem formed but failed to mature to a tunica-corpus shape.
Observation No leaf founder cell initiation was seen in mutant meristems.
Mechanism Authors infer emp2 is required for patterning beyond the coleoptilar stage.

“kernel development”

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