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Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize knobs contain 180-bp repeats, TR1 repeats, or both.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Outcome
knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“knobs may be composed of either 180-bp or TR1, or both repeats”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1510–1572
t0

“maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 54–59

Title

Complex structure of knobs and centromeric regions in maize chromosomes.

E V Ananiev; R L Phillips; H W Rines PubMed 2000

Other claims from this paper (13)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Certain retrotransposable elements preferentially associate with knobs or centromeres.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Outcome
retrotransposable elementse0

Verbatim

e0

“obvious preference for the integration/association of certain retrotransposable elements into knobs or centromere regions”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 832–953
t0

“maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 54–59

Title

Complex structure of knobs and centromeric regions in maize chromosomes.

E V Ananiev; R L Phillips; H W Rines PubMed 2000

Other claims from this paper (13)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Knobs were present on the abaxial surface of Stereospermumkunthianum.

Taxon
Stereospermumkunthianume0
Organ / stage
abaxial surfacee0
Outcome
Knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“Knobs are present on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces ofMarkhamia lutea, Markhamia tomentosa, abaxial surface of Stereospermumkunthianum and adaxial surface of Tabebuia rosea”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 981–1155

Title

Foliar epidermal studies in the family Bignoniaceae JUSS. in Nigeria

G. E. Ugbabe; A. E. Ayodele African Journal of Agricultural Research 2008. doi:10.5897/ajar.9000353

Other claims from this paper (15)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Mapped maize knobs lie in gene-dense genomic regions.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Outcome
knobs lie in gene-dense regionse0

Verbatim

e0

“The data show that knobs lie in gene-dense regions of the maize genome”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 615–685

Title

Maize chromosomal knobs are located in gene-dense areas and suppress local recombination

Rashin Ghaffari; Ethalinda K. S. Cannon; Lisa B. Kanizay; et al. Chromosoma 2012. doi:10.1007/s00412-012-0391-8

Other claims from this paper (3)
Observationauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

One suppressed region likely contained condensed heterochromatin knobs.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Outcome
condensed heterochromatin (knobs)e0
Qualifier
likelye0

Verbatim

t0

“maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 37–42
e0

“one of which likely contained condensed heterochromatin (knobs)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 832–895

Title

Recombination frequency variation in maize as revealed by genomewide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms

Mohammad Farkhari; Yanli Lu; Trushar Shah; et al. Plant Breeding 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2011.01866.x

Other claims from this paper (5)
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The HSY map covers all four HSY-specific Knobs.

Taxon
PapayaCarica papayae1
Outcome
HSY-specific Knobse0
Value
foure0

Verbatim

e0

“covers all four HSY-specific Knobs”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 946–980
e1

“Papaya is a major fruit crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 12–40

Title

Construction of physical maps for the sex-specific regions of papaya sex chromosomes

Jong-Kuk Na; Jianping Wang; Jan E Murray; et al. BMC Genomics 2012. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-176

Other claims from this paper (10)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Thirty-four Rafflesia knobs were found.

Taxon
RafflesiaRafflesiae0
Outcome
knobse0
Value
34 knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“Found 34 knobs of Rafflesia with a mortality rate of 38.24% which is relatively low.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 994–1078

Title

Carrying capacity of environment to the life potential of Rafflesia (Rafflesia patma Blume) in Leuweung Sancang Nature Reserve Garut West Java

L Amalia; A S Nursifa; D I Putri; et al. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering 2021. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1098/6/062060

Other claims from this paper (10)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize knobs exhibit a more structured HOR distribution than centromeres.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Outcome
more structured HOR distributione0

Verbatim

e0

“maize knobs exhibit a more structured HOR distribution”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1258–1312

Title

Higher order repeat structures reflect diverging evolutionary paths in maize centromeres and knobs

Rebecca D. Piri; Mingyu Wang; M. Cinta Romay; et al. Genome biology 2026. doi:10.1186/s13059-026-03993-4

Other claims from this paper (9)
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

B chromosomes and heterochromatic knobs had a negative relationship in maize landraces.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse1
Outcome
Bse0
Direction
negative relationshipe0
Comparator
heterochromatic knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“the negative relationship found between Bs and heterochromatic knobs”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1463–1531
e1

“native Argentinian and Bolivian maize landraces”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 232–279

Title

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF DNA CONTENT VARIATION IN ZEA

G.E. González; M.F. Realini; M.F. Fourastié; et al. Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 2022. doi:10.35407/bag.2022.33.01.03

Other claims from this paper (10)
Associationauthor interpretationoriginal resultsimulated

Claim · model-written summary

Simulations suggested knobs may be deleterious without Ab10.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Gene
Ab10e0
Outcome
knobs might be deleteriouse0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0

“Simulations were used to illustrate the dynamics of this meiotic drive model and suggest knobs might be deleterious in the absence of Ab10.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 582–721
t0

“Maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 48–53

Title

Meiotic Drive of Chromosomal Knobs Reshaped the Maize Genome

Edward S Buckler; Tara L Phelps-Durr; Carlyn S Keith Buckler; et al. Genetics 1999. doi:10.1093/genetics/153.1.415

Other claims from this paper (6)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The knobs measured about 0.35 μm thick.

Taxon
Vicia fabaVicia fabae1
Outcome
thickness of these knobse0
Value
about 0.35 μme0

Verbatim

e0

“The thickness of these knobs was about 0.35 μm.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1122–1169
e1

“Vicia faba”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 67–77

Title

Three‐dimensional architecture of the higher plant nucleolonema disclosed on serial ultrathin sections

S Sato Biology of the Cell 1992. doi:10.1016/0248-4900(92)90144-p

Other claims from this paper (10)
Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

First-generation micropropagated ginger had smaller rhizome knobs.

Material
micropropagated plantse0
Outcome
knobse0
Direction
smallere0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0

“In the first generation ex vitro, micropropagated plants had significantly (P<0.01) reduced rhizome yield with smaller knobs and more roots.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 177–317

Title

Field evaluation of micropropagated and conventionally propagated ginger in subtropical Queensland

MK Smith; SD Hamill Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 1996. doi:10.1071/ea9960347

Other claims from this paper (9)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chromosomes had conspicuous heterochromatic knobs.

Taxon
husk tomatot0
Outcome
conspicuous heterochromatic knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“The chromosomes of this species are characterized by conspicuous heterochromatic knobs”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 336–422
t0

“Husk Tomato”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 41–52

Title

Overview of the Genetics and Breeding of Husk Tomato

Carlos F. Quiros HortScience 1984. doi:10.21273/hortsci.19.6.872

Other claims from this paper (6)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Differentially stained regions corresponded to knobs.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Outcome
differentially stained regions of C-banded mitotic chromosomes corresponded with knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“differentially stained regions of C-banded mitotic chromosomes corresponded with knobs”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 196–282
t0

“MAIZE”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 20–25

Title

BANDING PATTERNS IN MAIZE MITOTIC CHROMOSOMES

E. J. Ward Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 1980. doi:10.1139/g80-009

Other claims from this paper (4)
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Higher altitude strains had fewer knobs than lower altitude strains.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0t0
Outcome
knobse0t0
Direction
fewere0t0
Comparator
strains at lover altitudee0t0
Setting
Sikkime0t0

Verbatim

e0

“Strains occurring at higher altitudes of Sikkim. possess fewer knobs in comparison to the strains at lover altitude.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 283–399
t0

“maize”

✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · title, characters 43–48

Title

Knob Composition in Northeastern Himalayan Maize

Suchira Pande; J. K. S. Sachan; K. R. Sarkar Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The) 1988

Other claims from this paper (7)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Northern Guatemalan teosintes Huixta and Monajil had terminal knobs.

Taxon
Teosintese0
Material
Huixta and Monajile0
Outcome
all their knobs terminally locatede0
Setting
northern Guatemalae0

Verbatim

e0

“Teosintes from northern Guatemala, Huixta and Monajil, have all their knobs terminally located”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 156–250

Title

CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISM OF TEOSINTE

Y C Ting Genetics 1976. doi:10.1093/genetics/83.4.737

Other claims from this paper (5)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Florida teosinte from Honduras and Guanajuato teosinte had mainly internal knobs.

Taxon
teosintee0
Material
Florida teosinte from Honduras and Guanajuato teosintee0
Outcome
most of their knobs internally locatede0

Verbatim

e0

“Florida teosinte from Honduras and Guanajuato teosinte have most of their knobs internally located”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–98

Title

CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISM OF TEOSINTE

Y C Ting Genetics 1976. doi:10.1093/genetics/83.4.737

Other claims from this paper (5)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Avena glume waxes showed plates, knobs and filaments.

Taxon
AvenaAvenat0
Outcome
plates, knobs, and filamentse0

Verbatim

e0

“Three basic patterns were discerned, plates, knobs, and filaments”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 155–220
t0

“Avena”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–41

Title

The epicuticular waxes of glumes of Avena: a scanning electron microscopic study of the morphological patterns in all the species

B. R. Baum; V. E. Hadland Canadian Journal of Botany 1975. doi:10.1139/b75-200

Other claims from this paper (4)
Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

A. crispa knobs were larger than those of A. punctata.

Outcome
size of the knobse0
Direction
largere0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0

“the size of the knobs of the former plant is larger”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 718–769

Title

Studies on the Leaf Nodules V The Formation of Knobs by the Effect of Antibiotics on theArdisia crispa andA. punctata

Tamotsu YAMADA Shokubutsugaku Zasshi 1955. doi:10.15281/jplantres1887.68.267

Other claims from this paper (8)
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

A. japonica did not form knobs after antibiotic or heat treatment.

Taxon
theA. japonicae0
Treatment
antibiotics or by heat treatmente0
Outcome
knobs are never formede0

Not reportedComparatorDirection

Verbatim

e0

“theA. japonica which is closely affined to them and non-leaf-nodular plant, knobs are never formed either by antibiotics or by heat treatment”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 336–477

Title

Studies on the Leaf Nodules V The Formation of Knobs by the Effect of Antibiotics on theArdisia crispa andA. punctata

Tamotsu YAMADA Shokubutsugaku Zasshi 1955. doi:10.15281/jplantres1887.68.267

Other claims from this paper (8)
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Heat treatment formed knobs on growing points and other parts of seeds and infant plants.

Taxon
ARDISIAArdisiat0
Organ / stage
seeds and infant plantse0
Treatment
heate0
Outcome
knobs are formede0

Not reportedComparatorDirection

Verbatim

t0

“ARDISIA”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 68–75
e0

“when we treat the seeds and infant plants with heat, knobs are formed on the growing point and the other parts”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 854–964

Title

STUDIES ON THE LEAF NODULES. : II. ON THE LEAF NODULES IN THE GENUS ARDISIA.

山田, 保 Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) 1952

Other claims from this paper (10)
Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chromosome knobs do not influence the variability in length of the chromosome arms in which they occur in corn.

Treatment
Chromosome knobse5
Outcome
variability in length of chromosome armse5
Direction
no_changeinferrede5

Verbatim

t0

“Chromosomes of Corn”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 53–72
e5

“Chromosome knobs do not appear to influence variability in length of chromosome arms in which they occur”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1099–1203

Title

Variability in Length and Arm Ratio of the Pachytene Chromosomes of Corn

Marjorie P. Maguire CYTOLOGIA 1962. doi:10.1508/cytologia.27.248

Other claims from this paper (6)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

M, C and T synthetic groups differed in chromosome knob number, kernel row number and maturity time.

Material
M, C, and T groupse1
Outcome
number of chromosome knobs, number of kernel rows, and time of maturitye1

Verbatim

e0

“Thirty‐six synthetic lines of corn ( Zea mays L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–49
e1

“the M, C, and T groups differed in the number of chromosome knobs, number of kernel rows, and time of maturity.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 432–543

Title

Evaluation of Exotic Germ Plasm for Improving Corn Hybrids in Northern United States1

Y. Efron; H. L. Everett Crop Science 1969. doi:10.2135/cropsci1969.0011183x000900010015x

Other claims from this paper (7)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

New knob-forming chromosomal segments were located.

Taxon
MaizeZea mayst0
Outcome
New knob forming segmentse0

Verbatim

e0

“New knob forming segments have been located”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 261–304
t0

“Italian Maize Population”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 25–49

Title

Heterochromatic Knobs in Italian Maize Population and the Evolution of Maize in Italy

M. V. Ghatnekar CYTOLOGIA 1965. doi:10.1508/cytologia.30.402

Other claims from this paper (4)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

A chromosome pair with terminal knobs remained attached to nucleoli in somatic prophase.

Outcome
In the somatic prophase a pair of chromosomes with terminal knob-like bodies remain attached by the knob to two Small nucleoli or one large nucleolus which results by the fusion of the two.e0

Verbatim

e0

“In the somatic prophase a pair of chromosomes with terminal knob-like bodies remain attached by the knob to two Small nucleoli or one large nucleolus which results by the fusion of the two.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 214–403
t0

“Rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 30–34

Title

Cytological Investigations of Rice Varieties

H. K. Nandi CYTOLOGIA 1937. doi:10.1508/cytologia.8.277

Other claims from this paper (17)
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Methyl alcohol pretreatment was effective in revealing centromeres, heterochromatin and knobs in prophase chromosomes.

Treatment
methyl alcohol pretreatmente1
Outcome
revealing centromeres, heterochromatin, and knobse1
Direction
effectivee1

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Verbatim

e1

“For prophase studies, methyl alcohol pretreatment was found effective in revealing centromeres, heterochromatin, and knobs”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 270–392

Title

Acetic Acid Methods for Chromosome Studies at Prophase and Metaphase in Meristems

Joseph G. O'mara Stain Technology 1948. doi:10.3109/10520294809106249

Other claims from this paper (2)

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