By interacting organism as written › A. flavus

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Co-culturing Aspergillus flavus with Trichoderma harzianum significantly decreased aflatoxin levels, a relative reduction of 99.3% compared with aflatoxigenic treatments alone.

Taxon: Zea maysZea mayst0
Treatment: Co-culturing of A. flavus with T. harzianume0
Interactor: A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
Second interactor: T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
Outcome: AFT levelse0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 99.3%e0
Comparator: aflatoxigenic treatments alonee0

Verbatim

t0
“Zea mays”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 47–55

e0
“Co-culturing of A. flavus with T. harzianum resulted in a significant decrease in AFT levels, achieving a relative reduction of 99.3% compared to aflatoxigenic treatments alone”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1309–1485

Title

Trichoderma harzianum Suppresses Aflatoxins in Zea mays: A Biological Strategy for Pakistan’s Agriculture Industry

Aisha Khalid; Shazia Iram; Irum Asif; et al. Stresses 2026. doi:10.3390/stresses6020034

Other claims from this paper (4)

Intervention effect T. harzianum reduced the aflatoxin level produced by A. flavus alone from 5120 ± 560 µg/kg to 50.1 ± 1.10 µg/kg.
Intervention effect T. asperellum reduced the aflatoxin level produced by A. flavus alone from 5120 ± 560 µg/kg to 63.1 ± 3.1 µg/kg.
Intervention effect Aspergillus flavus negatively affected maize germination and early growth.
Intervention effect Trichoderma harzianum significantly enhanced maize germination and early growth.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

T. harzianum reduced the aflatoxin level produced by A. flavus alone from 5120 ± 560 µg/kg to 50.1 ± 1.10 µg/kg.

Taxon: Zea maysZea mayst0
Treatment: T. harzianume0
Interactor: A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
Second interactor: T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
Outcome: AFT productione0
Direction: reducinge0
Value: 50.1 ± 1.10e0
Qualifier: 5120 ± 560 µg/kge0
Comparator: A. flavus alonee0

Verbatim

t0
“Zea mays”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 47–55

e0
“T. harzianum and T. asperellum were the most effective at lowering AFT production of the aflatoxigenic strains, reducing the 5120 ± 560 µg/kg AFT level produced by A. flavus alone to 50.1 ± 1.10 and 63.1 ± 3.1 µg/kg, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1514–1743

Title

Trichoderma harzianum Suppresses Aflatoxins in Zea mays: A Biological Strategy for Pakistan’s Agriculture Industry

Aisha Khalid; Shazia Iram; Irum Asif; et al. Stresses 2026. doi:10.3390/stresses6020034

Other claims from this paper (4)

Intervention effect Co-culturing Aspergillus flavus with Trichoderma harzianum significantly decreased aflatoxin levels, a relative reduction of 99.3% compared with aflatoxigenic treatments alone.
Intervention effect T. asperellum reduced the aflatoxin level produced by A. flavus alone from 5120 ± 560 µg/kg to 63.1 ± 3.1 µg/kg.
Intervention effect Aspergillus flavus negatively affected maize germination and early growth.
Intervention effect Trichoderma harzianum significantly enhanced maize germination and early growth.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

T. asperellum reduced the aflatoxin level produced by A. flavus alone from 5120 ± 560 µg/kg to 63.1 ± 3.1 µg/kg.

Taxon: Zea maysZea mayst0
Treatment: T. asperellume0
Interactor: A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
Second interactor: T. asperellumTrichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
Outcome: AFT productione0
Direction: reducinge0
Value: 63.1 ± 3.1 µg/kge0
Qualifier: 5120 ± 560 µg/kge0
Comparator: A. flavus alonee0

Verbatim

t0
“Zea mays”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 47–55

e0
“T. harzianum and T. asperellum were the most effective at lowering AFT production of the aflatoxigenic strains, reducing the 5120 ± 560 µg/kg AFT level produced by A. flavus alone to 50.1 ± 1.10 and 63.1 ± 3.1 µg/kg, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1514–1743

Title

Trichoderma harzianum Suppresses Aflatoxins in Zea mays: A Biological Strategy for Pakistan’s Agriculture Industry

Aisha Khalid; Shazia Iram; Irum Asif; et al. Stresses 2026. doi:10.3390/stresses6020034

Other claims from this paper (4)

Intervention effect Co-culturing Aspergillus flavus with Trichoderma harzianum significantly decreased aflatoxin levels, a relative reduction of 99.3% compared with aflatoxigenic treatments alone.
Intervention effect T. harzianum reduced the aflatoxin level produced by A. flavus alone from 5120 ± 560 µg/kg to 50.1 ± 1.10 µg/kg.
Intervention effect Aspergillus flavus negatively affected maize germination and early growth.
Intervention effect Trichoderma harzianum significantly enhanced maize germination and early growth.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Aspergillus flavus negatively affected maize germination and early growth.

Taxon: Zea maysZea mayst0
Treatment: A. flavuse0
Interactor: A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
Outcome: germination and early growthe0
Direction: negatively affectede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“Zea mays”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 47–55

e0
“A. flavus negatively affected germination and early growth, whereas T. harzianum significantly enhanced both parameters”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1745–1864

Title

Trichoderma harzianum Suppresses Aflatoxins in Zea mays: A Biological Strategy for Pakistan’s Agriculture Industry

Aisha Khalid; Shazia Iram; Irum Asif; et al. Stresses 2026. doi:10.3390/stresses6020034

Other claims from this paper (4)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Both Bacillus strains significantly inhibited A. flavus mycelial growth and sporulation in dual culture and co-cultivation.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Bacillus sp. B3 and Bacillus sp. Mn1e2
Interactor: A. flavusAspergillus flavuse1pathogen
Second interactor: Bacillus sp. B3 and Bacillus sp. Mn1Bacillus sp. B3 Bacillus sp. MN1e2biocontrol_agent
Outcome: A. flavus mycelial growth and sporulatione1
Direction: inhibitede1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“Biocontrol of Aspergillus flavus in stored wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–48

e1
“Dual-culture and co-cultivation assays confirmed that both strains significantly inhibited A. flavus mycelial growth and sporulation”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 439–571

e2
“Two promising strains, Bacillus sp. B3 and Bacillus sp. Mn1”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 274–333

Title

Biocontrol of Aspergillus flavus in stored wheat using Bacillus sp. B3 and Bacillus sp. Mn1 with antagonistic capacity through volatile compounds production

Hussien M. AboDalam; Mona Mahmoud Maher Ragab; Marwa Abd-Elateef Zayton; et al. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 2026. doi:10.1186/s41938-025-00880-1

Other claims from this paper (6)

Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Soybean seeds damaged by insect feeding were frequently infected by Aspergillus flavus.

Taxon: soybeanGlycine maxt0
Organ / stage: seedse2
Treatment: insect feedinge2
Interactor: A. flavusAspergillus flavuse2pathogen
Outcome: frequently infectede2

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

t0
“transmission of Aspergillus flavus in soybean”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 50–95

e2
“seeds damaged by insect feeding were frequently infected by a fungal pathogen, which we isolated and identified as A. flavus”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 585–709

Title

Piercing‐sucking insect herbivory facilitates the transmission of Aspergillus flavus in soybean

Hong‐Wei Shan; Yao‐Ji Si; Zhong‐Yan Wei; et al. Pest Management Science 2026. doi:10.1002/ps.70586

Other claims from this paper (9)

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Insects acquired and retained Aspergillus flavus conidia on their stylets with an acquisition efficiency of 95% in soybean.

Taxon: soybeanGlycine maxt0
Interactor: A. flavusAspergillus flavuse3pathogen
Second interactor: insectsInsectae3pest
Outcome: acquisition efficiencye3
Value: 95%e3

Verbatim

t0
“transmission of Aspergillus flavus in soybean”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 50–95

e3
“The insects efficiently acquired and retained A. flavus conidia on their stylets, with an acquisition efficiency of 95%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 711–830

Title

Piercing‐sucking insect herbivory facilitates the transmission of Aspergillus flavus in soybean

Hong‐Wei Shan; Yao‐Ji Si; Zhong‐Yan Wei; et al. Pest Management Science 2026. doi:10.1002/ps.70586

Other claims from this paper (9)

Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Soybean pods exposed to fungus-infected insects showed Aspergillus flavus infection rates of 16-33%.

Taxon: soybeanGlycine maxt0
Treatment: exposed to fungus-infected insectse4
Interactor: A. flavusAspergillus flavuse4pathogen
Outcome: A. flavus infection ratese4
Value: 16-33%e4

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

t0
“transmission of Aspergillus flavus in soybean”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 50–95

e4
“soybean pods exposed to fungus-infected insects showed A. flavus infection rates of 16-33%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 846–936

Title

Piercing‐sucking insect herbivory facilitates the transmission of Aspergillus flavus in soybean

Hong‐Wei Shan; Yao‐Ji Si; Zhong‐Yan Wei; et al. Pest Management Science 2026. doi:10.1002/ps.70586

Other claims from this paper (9)

Associationobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Feeding on Aspergillus flavus-infected soybean seeds significantly increased mortality of Riptortus pedestris.

Taxon: soybeanGlycine maxt0
Treatment: feeding on A. flavus-infected soybean seedse6
Interactor: R. pedestrisRiptortus pedestrise6pest
Second interactor: A. flavusAspergillus flavuse6pathogen
Outcome: mortality of R. pedestrise6
Direction: increasede6

Verbatim

t0
“transmission of Aspergillus flavus in soybean”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 50–95

e6
“feeding on A. flavus-infected soybean seeds significantly increased mortality of R. pedestris”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1056–1149

Title

Piercing‐sucking insect herbivory facilitates the transmission of Aspergillus flavus in soybean

Hong‐Wei Shan; Yao‐Ji Si; Zhong‐Yan Wei; et al. Pest Management Science 2026. doi:10.1002/ps.70586

Other claims from this paper (9)

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Aspergillus flavus was observed growing on the bodies of dead bean bugs.

Taxon: soybeanGlycine maxt0
Interactor: A. flavusAspergillus flavuse7pathogen
Second interactor: bean bugse7pest
Outcome: growing on the bodies of dead bean bugse7

Verbatim

t0
“transmission of Aspergillus flavus in soybean”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 50–95

e7
“A. flavus also was observed growing on the bodies of dead bean bugs”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1151–1218

Title

Piercing‐sucking insect herbivory facilitates the transmission of Aspergillus flavus in soybean

Hong‐Wei Shan; Yao‐Ji Si; Zhong‐Yan Wei; et al. Pest Management Science 2026. doi:10.1002/ps.70586

Other claims from this paper (9)

A. flavus 2,515 claims

2,515 claims