Abstract
SUMMARY Both yield and grain-quality are dramatically decreased when susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants are infested by Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) larvae. Examination of the changes in wheat gene expression during infestation by virulent Hessian fly larvae has identified the up-regulation of a gene, Hessian fly responsive-2 (Hfr-2), which contains regions similar to genes encoding seed-specific agglutinin proteins from Amaranthus. Hfr-2, however, did not accumulate in developing seeds, as do other wheat seed storage proteins. Additionally, a separate region of the HFR-2 predicted amino acid sequence is similar to haemolytic proteins, from both mushroom and bacteria, that are able to form pores in cell membranes of mammalian red blood cells. The involvement of Hfr-2 in interactions with insects was supported by experiments demonstrating its up-regulation by both fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) infestations but not by virus infection. Examination of wheat defence response pathways showed Hfr-2 up-regulation following methyl jasmonate treatment and only slight up-regulation in response to salicylic acid, abscisic acid and wounding treatments. Like related proteins, HFR-2 may normally function in defence against certain insects or pathogens. However, we propose that as virulent Hessian fly larvae manipulate the physiology of the susceptible host, the HFR-2 protein inserts in plant cell membranes at the feeding sites and by forming pores provides water, ions and other small nutritive molecules to the developing larvae.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Hessian fly larval infestation up-regulated wheat Hfr-2.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- Hessian fly
Mayetiola destructore0pest - Gene
- Hessian fly responsive-2 (Hfr-2)e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Examination of the changes in wheat gene expression during infestation by virulent Hessian fly larvae has identified the up-regulation of a gene, Hessian fly responsive-2 (Hfr-2), which contains regions similar to genes encoding seed-specific agglutinin proteins from Amaranthus.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hfr-2 contained regions similar to Amaranthus seed-specific agglutinin genes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- Hessian fly responsive-2 (Hfr-2)e0
- Outcome
- regions similar to genes encoding seed-specific agglutinin proteins from Amaranthuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hessian fly responsive-2 (Hfr-2), which contains regions similar to genes encoding seed-specific agglutinin proteins from Amaranthus.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hfr-2 did not accumulate in developing seeds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- developing seedse0
- Gene
- Hfr-2e0
- Outcome
- did not accumulate in developing seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hfr-2, however, did not accumulate in developing seeds, as do other wheat seed storage proteins.”
Claim · model-written summary
A separate predicted HFR-2 amino-acid region resembles pore-forming haemolytic proteins.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- HFR-2e0
- Outcome
- similar to haemolytic proteinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, a separate region of the HFR-2 predicted amino acid sequence is similar to haemolytic proteins, from both mushroom and bacteria, that are able to form pores in cell membranes of mammalian red blood cells.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm infestation up-regulated Hfr-2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)e0
- Interactor
- fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)
.jpg?width=60)
Spodoptera frugiperdae0pest - Gene
- Hfr-2e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The involvement of Hfr-2 in interactions with insects was supported by experiments demonstrating its up-regulation by both fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) infestations but not by virus infection.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Bird cherry-oat aphid infestation up-regulated Hfr-2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi)e0
- Interactor
- bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi)
_Figure_1_a.jpg?width=60)
Rhopalosiphum padie0pest - Gene
- Hfr-2e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Figure_1_a.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The involvement of Hfr-2 in interactions with insects was supported by experiments demonstrating its up-regulation by both fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) infestations but not by virus infection.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus infection did not up-regulate Hfr-2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- virus infectione0
- Interactor
- viruse0pathogen
- Gene
- Hfr-2e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatione0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The involvement of Hfr-2 in interactions with insects was supported by experiments demonstrating its up-regulation by both fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) infestations but not by virus infection.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl jasmonate treatment up-regulated Hfr-2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- methyl jasmonate treatmente0
- Gene
- Hfr-2e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Examination of wheat defence response pathways showed Hfr-2 up-regulation following methyl jasmonate treatment and only slight up-regulation in response to salicylic acid, abscisic acid and wounding treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid treatment caused only slight Hfr-2 up-regulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Gene
- Hfr-2e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
- Qualifier
- only slighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Examination of wheat defence response pathways showed Hfr-2 up-regulation following methyl jasmonate treatment and only slight up-regulation in response to salicylic acid, abscisic acid and wounding treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Abscisic acid treatment caused only slight Hfr-2 up-regulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- abscisic acide0
- Gene
- Hfr-2e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
- Qualifier
- only slighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Examination of wheat defence response pathways showed Hfr-2 up-regulation following methyl jasmonate treatment and only slight up-regulation in response to salicylic acid, abscisic acid and wounding treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding caused only slight Hfr-2 up-regulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- wounding treatmentse0
- Gene
- Hfr-2e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
- Qualifier
- only slighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Examination of wheat defence response pathways showed Hfr-2 up-regulation following methyl jasmonate treatment and only slight up-regulation in response to salicylic acid, abscisic acid and wounding treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose HFR-2 pore formation at Hessian fly feeding sites supplies water, ions and nutrients to larvae.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Hessian flyMayetiola destructore0pest
- Gene
- HFR-2e0
- Outcome
- provides water, ions and other small nutritive molecules to the developing larvaee0
- Qualifier
- forming porese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, we propose that as virulent Hessian fly larvae manipulate the physiology of the susceptible host, the HFR-2 protein inserts in plant cell membranes at the feeding sites and by forming pores provides water, ions and other small nutritive molecules to the developing larvae.”
t0“wheat”
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