Abstract
BACKGROUND: The ripening of grape berry is generally regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), and has no relationship with ethylene function. However, functional interaction and synergism between ABA and ethylene during the beginning of grape berry ripening (véraison) has been found recently. RESULTS: The expressions of VvNCED1 encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and VvGT encoding ABA glucosyltransferase were all increased rapidly at the stage of véraison and reached the highest level at 9th week after full bloom. However, VvCYP1 encoding ABA 8'-hydroxylase and VvβG1 encoding berry β-glucosidase are different, whose expression peak appeared at the 10th week after full bloom and in especial VvβG1 remained at a high level till harvest. The VvACO1 encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase, the VvETR2 (ethylene response 2) and VvCTR1 (constitutive triple response 1) had a transient expression peak at pre-véraison, while the VvEIN4 (ethylene insensitive 4) expression gradually increased from the véraison to one week before harvest stage. The above mentioned changes happened again in the berry after harvest. At one week before véraison, double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) not only inhibited the release of ethylene and the expression of related genes but also suppressed the transcription of VvNCED1 and the synthesis of ABA which all might result in inhibiting the fruit ripening onset. Treatment with ABA could relieve the double block and restore fruit ripening course. However, after harvest, double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-MCP could not suppress the transcription of VvNCED1 and the accumulation of ABA, and also could not inhibit the start of fruit senescence. CONCLUSION: The trace endogenous ethylene induces the transcription of VvNCED1 and then the generation of ABA followed. Both ethylene and ABA are likely to be important and their interplaying may be required to start the process of berry ripening. When the level of ABA reached the peak value, part of it will be stored in the form of ABA-GE. While after harvest, abiotic stresses principally (such as dehydration, harvest shock) could induce the transcription of VvNCED1 and the accumulation of ABA, thus starting the process of fruit senescence.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
VvNCED1 and VvGT expression rose rapidly at véraison and peaked at week nine.
Verbatim
e0“The expressions of VvNCED1 encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and VvGT encoding ABA glucosyltransferase were all increased rapidly at the stage of véraison and reached the highest level at 9th week after full bloom.”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
VvCYP1 and VvβG1 expression peaked at week ten.
Verbatim
e0“VvCYP1 encoding ABA 8'-hydroxylase and VvβG1 encoding berry β-glucosidase are different, whose expression peak appeared at the 10th week after full bloom”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
VvβG1 expression remained high until harvest.
Verbatim
e0“VvβG1 remained at a high level till harvest”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
VvACO1, VvETR2 and VvCTR1 expression peaked transiently before véraison.
Verbatim
e0“The VvACO1 encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase, the VvETR2 (ethylene response 2) and VvCTR1 (constitutive triple response 1) had a transient expression peak at pre-véraison”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
VvEIN4 expression increased from véraison to one week before harvest.
Verbatim
e0“VvEIN4 (ethylene insensitive 4) expression gradually increased from the véraison to one week before harvest stage”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
These expression changes recurred after harvest.
Verbatim
e0“The above mentioned changes happened again in the berry after harvest.”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
NiCl2 plus 1-MCP inhibited ethylene release before véraison.
- Taxon
- grapee7
- Treatment
- NiCl2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)e0
- Outcome
- release of ethylenee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At one week before véraison, double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) not only inhibited the release of ethylene and the expression of related genes but also suppressed the transcription of VvNCED1 and the synthesis of ABA which all might result in inhibiting the fruit ripening onset.”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
NiCl2 plus 1-MCP inhibited expression of ethylene-related genes.
- Taxon
- grapee7
- Treatment
- NiCl2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)e0
- Outcome
- expression of related genese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) not only inhibited the release of ethylene and the expression of related genes”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
NiCl2 plus 1-MCP suppressed VvNCED1 transcription.
- Taxon
- grapee7
- Treatment
- NiCl2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)e0
- Gene
- VvNCED1e0
- Outcome
- transcription of VvNCED1e0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) not only inhibited the release of ethylene and the expression of related genes but also suppressed the transcription of VvNCED1 and the synthesis of ABA”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
NiCl2 plus 1-MCP suppressed ABA synthesis.
- Taxon
- grapee7
- Treatment
- NiCl2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)e0
- Outcome
- synthesis of ABAe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) not only inhibited the release of ethylene and the expression of related genes but also suppressed the transcription of VvNCED1 and the synthesis of ABA”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer the double block may inhibit ripening onset.
Verbatim
e0“which all might result in inhibiting the fruit ripening onset”
e1“double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment relieved the double block and restored ripening.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with ABA could relieve the double block and restore fruit ripening course.”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
After harvest the double block did not suppress VvNCED1 transcription.
- Taxon
- grapee7
- Treatment
- NiCl2 plus 1-MCPe0
- Gene
- VvNCED1e0
- Outcome
- transcription of VvNCED1e0
- Direction
- could not suppresse0
- Qualifier
- after harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“after harvest, double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-MCP could not suppress the transcription of VvNCED1 and the accumulation of ABA, and also could not inhibit the start of fruit senescence.”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
After harvest the double block did not suppress ABA accumulation.
- Taxon
- grapee7
- Treatment
- NiCl2 plus 1-MCPe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ABAe0
- Direction
- could not suppresse0
- Qualifier
- after harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“after harvest, double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-MCP could not suppress the transcription of VvNCED1 and the accumulation of ABA, and also could not inhibit the start of fruit senescence.”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
After harvest the double block did not inhibit fruit senescence onset.
- Taxon
- grapee7
- Treatment
- NiCl2 plus 1-MCPe0
- Outcome
- start of fruit senescencee0
- Direction
- could not inhibite0
- Qualifier
- after harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“after harvest, double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-MCP could not suppress the transcription of VvNCED1 and the accumulation of ABA, and also could not inhibit the start of fruit senescence.”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude endogenous ethylene induces VvNCED1 transcription.
Verbatim
e0“The trace endogenous ethylene induces the transcription of VvNCED1”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude VvNCED1 transcription leads to ABA generation.
Verbatim
e0“the transcription of VvNCED1 and then the generation of ABA followed”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest ethylene and ABA interplay may be needed to initiate ripening.
Verbatim
e0“Both ethylene and ABA are likely to be important and their interplaying may be required to start the process of berry ripening.”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest some ABA is stored as ABA-GE after ABA peaks.
Verbatim
e0“When the level of ABA reached the peak value, part of it will be stored in the form of ABA-GE.”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose postharvest abiotic stress induces VvNCED1 and ABA accumulation, starting senescence.
Verbatim
e0“after harvest, abiotic stresses principally (such as dehydration, harvest shock) could induce the transcription of VvNCED1 and the accumulation of ABA, thus starting the process of fruit senescence.”
e7“The ripening of grape berry”
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