Abstract
The relationship between the early drop of apple fruit, and auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin-like substances in the seeds was investigated from 16 days after full bloom (AFB) by comparing ‘Starking Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ apple fruits. In addition, the effects of a spray of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy butyric acid ethyl solution (MCPB, 10ppm), a solution containing gibberellin A3 and gibberellin A4 at 50ppm each (GA3+GA4), and a 6-benzylamino purine solution (BA, 100ppm) were investigated under shading treatment which promoted fruit abscission.1. In both cultivars, auxin-like activity in the seeds hardly differed from 16 days to 60 days AFB. However, MCPB spray slightly reduced fruit abscission, although most fruits were small since seed abortion had been increased by the shading treatment.2. The level of gibberellin-like substances in the seeds of ‘Fuji’ increased on and after 23 days AFB, whereas that of ‘Starking Delicious’ increased on and after 42 days AFB when early fruit drop ceased. Moreover, the GA3+GA4 spray satisfactorily reduced fruit abscission and promoted fruit growth regardless of seed abortion by the shading treatment. Therefore, it is considered that gibberellins in the seeds are closely associated with early fruit drop and fruit growth.3. The peak level of cytokinin-like substances of ‘Fuji’ at 25 days AFB was 6 days earlier than that of ‘Starking Delicious’. Hence, BA was sprayed on the 19th day AFB when the level of cytokinin-like substances of ‘Starking Delicious’ was low, although, it increased fruit abscission. This may have been influenced by ethylene evolution from the fruit which increased after the BA spray.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Seed auxin-like activity hardly differed between 16 and 60 days after full bloom in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- auxin-like activitye0
- Direction
- hardly differede0
- Qualifier
- from 16 days to 60 days AFBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both cultivars, auxin-like activity in the seeds hardly differed from 16 days to 60 days AFB”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MCPB spray slightly reduced fruit abscission under shading.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- MCPB spraye0
- Outcome
- fruit abscissione0
- Direction
- slightly reducede0
- Qualifier
- shading treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MCPB spray slightly reduced fruit abscission, although most fruits were small since seed abortion had been increased by the shading treatment”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading increased seed abortion.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- shading treatmente0
- Outcome
- seed abortione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed abortion had been increased by the shading treatment”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Most fruits were small under the shading treatment, attributed to increased seed abortion.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- shading treatmente0
- Outcome
- fruits were smalle0
- Qualifier
- seed abortion had been increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most fruits were small since seed abortion had been increased by the shading treatment”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed gibberellin-like substances increased from 23 days after full bloom in Fuji.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Fuji’e0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- level of gibberellin-like substancese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- on and after 23 days AFBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The level of gibberellin-like substances in the seeds of ‘Fuji’ increased on and after 23 days AFB”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed gibberellin-like substances increased from 42 days after full bloom in Starking Delicious when early fruit drop ceased.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Starking Delicious’e0
- Outcome
- level of gibberellin-like substancese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- on and after 42 days AFB when early fruit drop ceasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The level of gibberellin-like substances in the seeds of ‘Fuji’ increased on and after 23 days AFB, whereas that of ‘Starking Delicious’ increased on and after 42 days AFB when early fruit drop ceased”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3+GA4 spray reduced fruit abscission despite shading-induced seed abortion.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- GA3+GA4 spraye0
- Outcome
- fruit abscissione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of seed abortion by the shading treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the GA3+GA4 spray satisfactorily reduced fruit abscission and promoted fruit growth regardless of seed abortion by the shading treatment”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3+GA4 spray promoted fruit growth despite shading-induced seed abortion.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- GA3+GA4 spraye0
- Outcome
- fruit growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of seed abortion by the shading treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the GA3+GA4 spray satisfactorily reduced fruit abscission and promoted fruit growth regardless of seed abortion by the shading treatment”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors associate seed gibberellins closely with early fruit drop and fruit growth.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Compound
- gibberellinse0
- Outcome
- early fruit drop and fruit growthe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is considered that gibberellins in the seeds are closely associated with early fruit drop and fruit growth”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Fuji seed cytokinin-like substances peaked at 25 days after full bloom, six days earlier than Starking Delicious.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Fuji’e0
- Outcome
- peak level of cytokinin-like substancese0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 6 dayse0
- Qualifier
- at 25 days AFBe0
- Comparator
- ‘Starking Delicious’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The peak level of cytokinin-like substances of ‘Fuji’ at 25 days AFB was 6 days earlier than that of ‘Starking Delicious’”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
BA spraying at 19 days after full bloom increased fruit abscission.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Starking Delicious’e0
- Treatment
- BAe0
- Outcome
- fruit abscissione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- on the 19th day AFBe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BA was sprayed on the 19th day AFB when the level of cytokinin-like substances of ‘Starking Delicious’ was low, although, it increased fruit abscission”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene evolution from fruit increased after BA spray.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Treatment
- BA spraye0
- Outcome
- ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethylene evolution from the fruit which increased after the BA spray”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest increased ethylene evolution may have influenced BA-associated fruit abscission.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BA spraye0
- Compound
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- fruit abscissione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased fruit abscission. This may have been influenced by ethylene evolution from the fruit which increased after the BA spray”
t0“Apple”
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