Abstract
A pot experiment was conducted on cadmium (Cd)–enriched (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 mg Cd kg−1 soil, using CdCl2), untreated (Unamended), 3% sewage sludge–treated (SS-amended), and 3% farmyard manure–treated (FYM-amended) soils to evaluate the phytoextractibility of Cd by three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa). Visual observation showed that at or above 40 ppm Cd, some light chlorotic symptoms, resembling iron (Fe) chlorosis, appeared after 2 to 3 weeks of germination. The extent of chlorosis followed the order Eruca sativa > Brassica napus > Brassica juncea, and for amendment treatments Unamended > SS-amended > FYM-amended soils. Both the amendments resulted in an increased biomass production in comparison to the Unamended soil, with the effect being more pronounced for FYM. The dry-matter yield of different plant parts followed the order FYM-amended > SS-amended > Unamended soils. For plant species, it followed the order Brassica juncea > Brassica napus > Eruca sativa. The Cd concentration in different plant parts followed the order leaf > stem > seed in all the three species. Amongst the species, the concentration followed the order Brassica napus > Brassica juncea > Eruca sativa, and for amendment treatments SS-amended > Unamended > FYM-amended soils. The mean Cd uptake by different plant species followed the order Brassica juncea > Brassica napus > Eruca sativa, and for amendment treatments SS-amended soil > Unamended soil > FYM-amended soil. The amounts of exchangeable, carbonate bound, Fe-Mn oxide bound, and organic-matter-bound fractions of Cd in the postharvest soil samples increased with the addition of Cd in soil. However, the residual fraction did not change much. At comparable levels of Cd additions, application of sewage sludge as well as FYM resulted in decreases in the exchangeable and Fe-Mn oxide–bound fractions and an increase in the organic-matter-bound fraction. The beneficial effect of sewage sludge and FYM on biomass production was attributed to (i) improvement in the physicochemical and biological environment of the growth medium, (ii) additional supply of essential nutrients, and (iii) possible decrease in toxic effect of added Cd through organo-metallic complexation reactions.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
At 40 ppm Cd or above, plants developed light chlorosis after germination.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa
Brassica juncea_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napus
Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3 - Treatment
- at or above 40 ppm Cde0
- Outcome
- light chlorotic symptomse0
- Qualifier
- after 2 to 3 weeks of germinatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“at or above 40 ppm Cd, some light chlorotic symptoms, resembling iron (Fe) chlorosis, appeared after 2 to 3 weeks of germination”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorosis was greatest in Eruca sativa, then Brassica napus, then Brassica juncea.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae0
- Outcome
- extent of chlorosise0
- Comparator
- Brassica napus > Brassica junceae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The extent of chlorosis followed the order Eruca sativa > Brassica napus > Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorosis was greatest in unamended soil, then sludge, then farmyard manure.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Treatment
- SS-amendede0
- Outcome
- chlorosise2
- Comparator
- Unamendede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for amendment treatments Unamended > SS-amended > FYM-amended soils”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
e2“The extent of chlorosis followed the order Eruca sativa > Brassica napus > Brassica juncea, and for amendment treatments Unamended > SS-amended > FYM-amended soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Both amendments increased biomass relative to unamended soil, especially FYM.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Treatment
- amendmentse0
- Outcome
- biomass productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- more pronounced for FYMe0
- Comparator
- Unamended soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both the amendments resulted in an increased biomass production in comparison to the Unamended soil, with the effect being more pronounced for FYM”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant-part dry matter yield ranked FYM above SS above unamended soil.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Treatment
- FYM-amendede0
- Outcome
- dry-matter yield of different plant partse0
- Comparator
- Unamended soilse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The dry-matter yield of different plant parts followed the order FYM-amended > SS-amended > Unamended soils”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter yield ranked Brassica juncea above Brassica napus above Eruca sativa.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceae0
- Outcome
- dry-matter yielde2
- Comparator
- Brassica napus > Eruca sativae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For plant species, it followed the order Brassica juncea > Brassica napus > Eruca sativa”
e2“The dry-matter yield of different plant parts followed the order FYM-amended > SS-amended > Unamended soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd concentration ranked leaf above stem above seed across all species.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in different plant partse0
- Comparator
- stem > seede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cd concentration in different plant parts followed the order leaf > stem > seed in all the three species”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd concentration ranked Brassica napus above Brassica juncea above Eruca sativa.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione2
- Comparator
- Brassica juncea > Eruca sativae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentration followed the order Brassica napus > Brassica juncea > Eruca sativa”
e2“The Cd concentration in different plant parts followed the order leaf > stem > seed in all the three species”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd concentration ranked sludge-amended above unamended above FYM soil.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Treatment
- SS-amendede0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione2
- Comparator
- Unamended > FYM-amended soilse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for amendment treatments SS-amended > Unamended > FYM-amended soils”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
e2“The Cd concentration in different plant parts followed the order leaf > stem > seed in all the three species”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean Cd uptake ranked Brassica juncea above Brassica napus above Eruca sativa.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceae0
- Outcome
- mean Cd uptakee0
- Comparator
- Brassica napus > Eruca sativae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean Cd uptake by different plant species followed the order Brassica juncea > Brassica napus > Eruca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd uptake ranked sludge-amended above unamended above FYM soil.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Treatment
- SS-amended soile0
- Outcome
- Cd uptakee2
- Comparator
- Unamended soil > FYM-amended soile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for amendment treatments SS-amended soil > Unamended soil > FYM-amended soil”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
e2“The mean Cd uptake by different plant species followed the order Brassica juncea > Brassica napus > Eruca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Exchangeable, carbonate-bound and Fe-Mn-oxide-bound Cd fractions increased with soil Cd addition.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Treatment
- addition of Cd in soile0
- Outcome
- exchangeable, carbonate bound, Fe-Mn oxide bounde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amounts of exchangeable, carbonate bound, Fe-Mn oxide bound, and organic-matter-bound fractions of Cd in the postharvest soil samples increased with the addition of Cd in soil”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic-matter-bound Cd fraction increased with Cd addition.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Treatment
- addition of Cd in soile0
- Outcome
- organic-matter-bound fractions of Cde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic-matter-bound fractions of Cd in the postharvest soil samples increased with the addition of Cd in soil”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual Cd fraction changed little.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Outcome
- residual fractione0
- Direction
- did not change muche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the residual fraction did not change much”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge and FYM reduced exchangeable and Fe-Mn oxide-bound Cd fractions.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Treatment
- sewage sludge as well as FYMe0
- Outcome
- exchangeable and Fe-Mn oxide–bound fractionse0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of sewage sludge as well as FYM resulted in decreases in the exchangeable and Fe-Mn oxide–bound fractions”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge and FYM increased the organic-matter-bound Cd fraction.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Treatment
- sewage sludge as well as FYMe2
- Outcome
- organic-matter-bound fractione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in the organic-matter-bound fraction”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
e2“application of sewage sludge as well as FYM resulted in decreases in the exchangeable and Fe-Mn oxide–bound fractions”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attributed biomass benefits to improved growth medium, nutrients, and possible Cd complexation.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativaBrassica junceaBrassica napusEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae3
- Treatment
- sewage sludge and FYMe0
- Outcome
- biomass productione0
- Qualifier
- improvement in the physicochemical and biological environment of the growth mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The beneficial effect of sewage sludge and FYM on biomass production was attributed to (i) improvement in the physicochemical and biological environment of the growth medium, (ii) additional supply of essential nutrients, and (iii) possible decrease in toxic effect of added Cd through organo-metallic complexation reactions”
e3“three oilseed crop species (viz., Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and Eruca sativa)”
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See all 109 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.