Abstract
Strawberry fruit are subject to three different types of bronzing damage that cause discoloration of the fruit surface and loss of market quality. Type I and Type II bronzing both occur in localized areas of the fruit and are caused by arthropod feeding and chemical phytotoxicity, respectively. In contrast, Type III bronzing (T3B) covers the entire fruit and is associated with environmental and plant stress factors, although many growers and crop advisers believe that T3B is caused by thrips feeding. The purpose of our 3-year study was to investigate incidence of T3B as affected by crop management practices and thrips populations. Replicated field trials demonstrated that overhead cooling with sprinklers resulted in a significant reduction in T3B incidence. In addition, a series of foliar pesticide spray applications also resulted in reduced T3B damage to strawberry fruit. Foliar applications of Thiolux sulfur, other registered pesticides, and lignin products all resulted in reduced incidence of T3B in field trials. In contrast, T3B incidence was not associated with thrips populations; insecticide-treated plots had reduced thrips populations and comparable T3B incidence to nontreated plots that had greater thrips populations. Our study provides evidence that T3B occurrence is associated with exposure to elevated temperatures and solar radiation rather than thrips feeding and that growers can reduce T3B incidence by implementing production practices that reduce plant stress and protect fruit from radiation damage.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Overhead cooling with sprinklers significantly reduced Type III bronzing incidence in strawberry field trials.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- overhead cooling with sprinklerse1
- Outcome
- T3B incidencee1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Setting
- Replicated field trialse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Strawberry fruit are subject to three different types of bronzing damage”
e1“Replicated field trials demonstrated that overhead cooling with sprinklers resulted in a significant reduction in T3B incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
A series of foliar pesticide spray applications reduced Type III bronzing damage to strawberry fruit.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae2
- Treatment
- foliar pesticide spray applicationse2
- Outcome
- T3B damagee2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“a series of foliar pesticide spray applications also resulted in reduced T3B damage to strawberry fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar applications of Thiolux sulfur, other registered pesticides, and lignin products reduced Type III bronzing incidence in strawberry field trials.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of Thiolux sulfur, other registered pesticides, and lignin productse3
- Outcome
- incidence of T3Be3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Setting
- field trialse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strawberry fruit are subject to three different types of bronzing damage”
e3“Foliar applications of Thiolux sulfur, other registered pesticides, and lignin products all resulted in reduced incidence of T3B in field trials”
Claim · model-written summary
Type III bronzing incidence was not associated with thrips populations in strawberry.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Outcome
- T3B incidencee4
- Direction
- not associatede4
ThripsOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strawberry fruit are subject to three different types of bronzing damage”
e4“T3B incidence was not associated with thrips populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide-treated plots had reduced thrips populations in strawberry trials.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- insecticide-treated plotse5
- Outcome
- thrips populationse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Comparator
- nontreated plotse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strawberry fruit are subject to three different types of bronzing damage”
e5“insecticide-treated plots had reduced thrips populations and comparable T3B incidence to nontreated plots that had greater thrips populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide-treated plots had Type III bronzing incidence comparable to nontreated plots.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- insecticide-treated plotse5
- Outcome
- T3B incidencee5
- Direction
- comparablee5
- Comparator
- nontreated plotse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strawberry fruit are subject to three different types of bronzing damage”
e5“insecticide-treated plots had reduced thrips populations and comparable T3B incidence to nontreated plots that had greater thrips populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Type III bronzing occurrence is associated with exposure to elevated temperatures and solar radiation rather than with thrips feeding.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- exposure to elevated temperatures and solar radiatione6
- Outcome
- T3B occurrencee6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strawberry fruit are subject to three different types of bronzing damage”
e6“Our study provides evidence that T3B occurrence is associated with exposure to elevated temperatures and solar radiation rather than thrips feeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Growers can reduce Type III bronzing incidence by production practices that reduce plant stress and protect fruit from radiation damage.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- production practices that reduce plant stress and protect fruit from radiation damagee7
- Outcome
- T3B incidencee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strawberry fruit are subject to three different types of bronzing damage”
e7“growers can reduce T3B incidence by implementing production practices that reduce plant stress and protect fruit from radiation damage”
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