Abstract
Marrow‐stem kale plants grown on plots receiving frequent additions of sulphate of ammonia showed a 40% increase in length of internode and a 25% increase in number of nodes per plant, and the leaf size was increased by between 50 and 70% over plants in plots receiving no N fertilizer. Leaves of kale continue to increase in area until they turn yellow, and the high N leaves showed a greater rate of increase in area at every stage in the life of the leaf. Various features of leaf structure, such as stomatal index, and thickness of palisade and mesophyll, were unaffected by N treatment. The size of the epidermal cells of the leaves was very variable, and although the high N leaves showed a 12% increase in area per epidermal cell over the low N leaves, this difference is not statistically significant. The increased area of the high N leaves can therefore be attributed mainly to increased cell division during the life of the leaf. Only a very slight increase in rate of cell division is necessary to produce the observed effect. The greater leaf area of the high N plants can be attributed mainly to increased size of individual leaves, but there was also a significantly greater number of living functional leaves per plant on the high N plants; at 23 weeks from sowing the high N plants had an average of 13.4 living leaves, while the low N plants had only 11.7 living leaves per plant. There was an appreciable degree of N succulence in the high N kale leaves, which showed a 2% greater moisture content than the low N leaves. A seasonal drift in epidermal cell size, palisade thickness, and total leaf thickness, is shown to be fully significant, statistically. Marked variations in stomatal frequency are barely significant at the 5% level.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphate of ammonia increased internode length by 40%.
- Taxon
- Marrow‐stem kale
Brassica oleracea var. medullosae0 - Treatment
- frequent additions of sulphate of ammoniae0
- Outcome
- length of internodee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- no N fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Marrow‐stem kale plants grown on plots receiving frequent additions of sulphate of ammonia showed a 40% increase in length of internode and a 25% increase in number of nodes per plant, and the leaf size was increased by between 50 and 70% over plants in plots receiving no N fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphate of ammonia increased nodes per plant by 25%.
- Taxon
- Marrow‐stem kaleBrassica oleracea var. medullosae0
- Treatment
- frequent additions of sulphate of ammoniae0
- Outcome
- number of nodes per plante0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- no N fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Marrow‐stem kale plants grown on plots receiving frequent additions of sulphate of ammonia showed a 40% increase in length of internode and a 25% increase in number of nodes per plant, and the leaf size was increased by between 50 and 70% over plants in plots receiving no N fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphate of ammonia increased leaf size by 50 to 70%.
- Taxon
- Marrow‐stem kaleBrassica oleracea var. medullosae0
- Treatment
- frequent additions of sulphate of ammoniae0
- Outcome
- leaf sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- between 50 and 70%e0
- Comparator
- no N fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Marrow‐stem kale plants grown on plots receiving frequent additions of sulphate of ammonia showed a 40% increase in length of internode and a 25% increase in number of nodes per plant, and the leaf size was increased by between 50 and 70% over plants in plots receiving no N fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Kale leaves kept increasing in area until yellowing.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise0 - Outcome
- increase in areae0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- until they turn yellowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaves of kale continue to increase in area until they turn yellow”
Claim · model-written summary
High N leaves increased in area faster at every leaf stage.
- Taxon
- KALEBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- high Ne0
- Outcome
- rate of increase in areae0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- at every stage in the life of the leafe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high N leaves showed a greater rate of increase in area at every stage in the life of the leaf.”
t0“MARROW‐STEM KALE”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen treatment did not affect stomatal index or palisade and mesophyll thickness.
- Taxon
- KALEBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- N treatmente0
- Outcome
- stomatal index, and thickness of palisade and mesophylle0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various features of leaf structure, such as stomatal index, and thickness of palisade and mesophyll, were unaffected by N treatment.”
t0“MARROW‐STEM KALE”
Claim · model-written summary
High N epidermal cell area was 12% higher, but the difference was not significant.
- Taxon
- KALEBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- high Ne0
- Outcome
- area per epidermal celle0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- low Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although the high N leaves showed a 12% increase in area per epidermal cell over the low N leaves, this difference is not statistically significant.”
t0“MARROW‐STEM KALE”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute greater leaf area chiefly to cell division.
- Taxon
- KALEBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Outcome
- increased areae0
- Qualifier
- increased cell division during the life of the leafe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased area of the high N leaves can therefore be attributed mainly to increased cell division during the life of the leaf.”
t0“MARROW‐STEM KALE”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors say a slight increase in cell division rate suffices for the observed effect.
- Taxon
- KALEBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Outcome
- observed effecte0
- Qualifier
- very slight increase in rate of cell divisione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only a very slight increase in rate of cell division is necessary to produce the observed effect.”
t0“MARROW‐STEM KALE”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute greater leaf area mainly to larger individual leaves.
- Taxon
- KALEBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Outcome
- greater leaf areae0
- Qualifier
- increased size of individual leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greater leaf area of the high N plants can be attributed mainly to increased size of individual leaves”
t0“MARROW‐STEM KALE”
Claim · model-written summary
High N plants had significantly more living functional leaves, averaging 13.4 versus 11.7 at 23 weeks.
- Taxon
- KALEBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- high Ne0
- Outcome
- number of living functional leaves per plante0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 13.4 living leavese0
- Qualifier
- 11.7 living leaves per plante0
- Comparator
- low Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was also a significantly greater number of living functional leaves per plant on the high N plants; at 23 weeks from sowing the high N plants had an average of 13.4 living leaves, while the low N plants had only 11.7 living leaves per plant.”
t0“MARROW‐STEM KALE”
Claim · model-written summary
High N leaves had 2% greater moisture than low N leaves.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- high Ne0
- Outcome
- moisture contente0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 2%e0
- Comparator
- low Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high N kale leaves, which showed a 2% greater moisture content than the low N leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Epidermal cell size, palisade thickness and total leaf thickness varied significantly seasonally.
- Taxon
- KALEBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Outcome
- epidermal cell size, palisade thickness, and total leaf thicknesse0
- Direction
- drifte0
- Setting
- seasonale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A seasonal drift in epidermal cell size, palisade thickness, and total leaf thickness, is shown to be fully significant, statistically.”
t0“MARROW‐STEM KALE”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal frequency variation was barely significant at 5%.
- Taxon
- KALEBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Outcome
- variations in stomatal frequencye0
- Value
- 5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Marked variations in stomatal frequency are barely significant at the 5% level.”
t0“MARROW‐STEM KALE”
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