Abstract
Agricultural systems based on crop rotation are beneficial to crop sustainability and productivity. Wheat-forage rotations combined with irrigation are the agronomic techniques best able to exploit Mediterranean environmental conditions. This paper describes a long-term field trial to ascertain the effect of combined irrigation and durum wheat-forage rotations on crop yield and soil chemical properties. The two forage crops: annual grass-clover winter binary mixture and perennial lucerne were carried out through 1991-2008 under rainfed and irrigated treatments. The experiments were used to highlight the effect of irrigation and wheat-forage crop rotations on water use efficiency (WUE) and sustainability of organic matter (OM) in topsoil. Irrigation increased the dry matter (DM) of annual binary mixture and lucerne by 49.1% and 66.9%, respectively. Continuous wheat rotation reduced seed yield (SY), stability of production, and crude protein (CP) characteristics of kernel and OM in topsoil. The yearly gain in wheat after forage crops was 0.04 t (ha yr)-1 under rainfed and 0.07 t (ha yr)-1 under irrigation treatments. The CP and soil OM of wheat forage crops rotations, compared with those of continuous wheat under rainfed and irrigated was a 0.8 and 0.5 % increase in CP and 5.1 and 4.4 in OM, respectively. The rotations of annual grass-clover winter binary mixture and lucerne meadow under both irrigated treatments increased the OM over continuous wheat (9.3 % and 8.5 in annual grass-clover winter binary mixture and 12.5 and 9.5 lucerne meadow under rainfed and irrigation, respectively). Irrigation reduced the impact of weather on crop growing, reducing water use efficiency (mean over rotations) for DM production (15.5 in meadow and 17.5 in annual grass-clover winter binary mixture [L water (kg DM)-1]) and wheat SY. However, the agronomic benefits achieved by forage crops in topsoil are exhausted after three years of continuous wheat rotation.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased annual binary mixture dry matter by 49.1%.
- Taxon
- annual binary mixturee0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- dry matter (DM)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation increased the dry matter (DM) of annual binary mixture and lucerne by 49.1% and 66.9%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased lucerne dry matter by 66.9%.
- Taxon
- lucerne
Medicago sativae0 - Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- dry matter (DM)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 66.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation increased the dry matter (DM) of annual binary mixture and lucerne by 49.1% and 66.9%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous wheat rotation reduced wheat seed yield, production stability and kernel crude protein.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Continuous wheat rotatione0
- Outcome
- seed yield (SY), stability of production, and crude protein (CP) characteristics of kernele0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- wheat-forage rotationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous wheat rotation reduced seed yield (SY), stability of production, and crude protein (CP) characteristics of kernel and OM in topsoil.”
e1“durum wheat-forage rotations”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous wheat rotation reduced topsoil organic matter.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Continuous wheat rotatione0
- Outcome
- OM in topsoile0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- wheat-forage rotationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous wheat rotation reduced seed yield (SY), stability of production, and crude protein (CP) characteristics of kernel and OM in topsoil.”
e1“durum wheat-forage rotations”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat after forage crops gained 0.04 t (ha yr)-1 under rainfed conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- after forage cropse0
- Outcome
- yearly gaine0
- Value
- 0.04 t (ha yr)-1e0
- Setting
- rainfede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yearly gain in wheat after forage crops was 0.04 t (ha yr)-1 under rainfed and 0.07 t (ha yr)-1 under irrigation treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat after forage crops gained 0.07 t (ha yr)-1 under irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- after forage cropse0
- Outcome
- yearly gaine0
- Value
- 0.07 t (ha yr)-1e0
- Setting
- irrigation treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yearly gain in wheat after forage crops was 0.04 t (ha yr)-1 under rainfed and 0.07 t (ha yr)-1 under irrigation treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-forage rotations raised kernel crude protein by 0.8% under rainfed conditions relative to continuous wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- wheat forage crops rotationse0
- Outcome
- CPe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 0.8e0
- Comparator
- continuous wheate0
- Setting
- rainfede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CP and soil OM of wheat forage crops rotations, compared with those of continuous wheat under rainfed and irrigated was a 0.8 and 0.5 % increase in CP and 5.1 and 4.4 in OM, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-forage rotations raised kernel crude protein by 0.5% under irrigation relative to continuous wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- wheat forage crops rotationse0
- Outcome
- CPe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 0.5 %e0
- Comparator
- continuous wheate0
- Setting
- irrigatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CP and soil OM of wheat forage crops rotations, compared with those of continuous wheat under rainfed and irrigated was a 0.8 and 0.5 % increase in CP and 5.1 and 4.4 in OM, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-forage rotations increased soil organic matter by 5.1 under rainfed conditions relative to continuous wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- wheat forage crops rotationse0
- Outcome
- soil OMe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 5.1e0
- Comparator
- continuous wheate0
- Setting
- rainfede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CP and soil OM of wheat forage crops rotations, compared with those of continuous wheat under rainfed and irrigated was a 0.8 and 0.5 % increase in CP and 5.1 and 4.4 in OM, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-forage rotations increased soil organic matter by 4.4 under irrigation relative to continuous wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- wheat forage crops rotationse0
- Outcome
- soil OMe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 4.4e0
- Comparator
- continuous wheate0
- Setting
- irrigatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CP and soil OM of wheat forage crops rotations, compared with those of continuous wheat under rainfed and irrigated was a 0.8 and 0.5 % increase in CP and 5.1 and 4.4 in OM, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under rainfed conditions, annual grass-clover rotation increased topsoil organic matter by 9.3% relative to continuous wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- annual grass-clover winter binary mixturee0
- Outcome
- OMe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.3 %e0
- Comparator
- continuous wheate0
- Setting
- rainfede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rotations of annual grass-clover winter binary mixture and lucerne meadow under both irrigated treatments increased the OM over continuous wheat (9.3 % and 8.5 in annual grass-clover winter binary mixture and 12.5 and 9.5 lucerne meadow under rainfed and irrigation, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Under irrigation, annual grass-clover rotation increased topsoil organic matter by 8.5 relative to continuous wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- annual grass-clover winter binary mixturee0
- Outcome
- OMe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.5e0
- Comparator
- continuous wheate0
- Setting
- irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rotations of annual grass-clover winter binary mixture and lucerne meadow under both irrigated treatments increased the OM over continuous wheat (9.3 % and 8.5 in annual grass-clover winter binary mixture and 12.5 and 9.5 lucerne meadow under rainfed and irrigation, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Under rainfed conditions, lucerne rotation increased topsoil organic matter by 12.5 relative to continuous wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- lucerne meadowe0
- Outcome
- OMe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.5e0
- Comparator
- continuous wheate0
- Setting
- rainfede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rotations of annual grass-clover winter binary mixture and lucerne meadow under both irrigated treatments increased the OM over continuous wheat (9.3 % and 8.5 in annual grass-clover winter binary mixture and 12.5 and 9.5 lucerne meadow under rainfed and irrigation, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Under irrigation, lucerne rotation increased topsoil organic matter by 9.5 relative to continuous wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- lucerne meadowe0
- Outcome
- OMe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.5e0
- Comparator
- continuous wheate0
- Setting
- irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rotations of annual grass-clover winter binary mixture and lucerne meadow under both irrigated treatments increased the OM over continuous wheat (9.3 % and 8.5 in annual grass-clover winter binary mixture and 12.5 and 9.5 lucerne meadow under rainfed and irrigation, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation reduced weather impacts on crop growth.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation reduced the impact of weather on crop growing”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation reduced water use efficiency for dry matter production across rotations.
- Taxon
- crope0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (mean over rotations) for DM productione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation reduced the impact of weather on crop growing, reducing water use efficiency (mean over rotations) for DM production (15.5 in meadow and 17.5 in annual grass-clover winter binary mixture [L water (kg DM)-1]) and wheat SY.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency for dry matter production in meadow was 15.5 L water (kg DM)-1.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency (mean over rotations) for DM production (15.5 in meadow and 17.5 in annual grass-clover winter binary mixture [L water (kg DM)-1])”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency for dry matter production in annual grass-clover mixture was 17.5 L water (kg DM)-1.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency (mean over rotations) for DM production (15.5 in meadow and 17.5 in annual grass-clover winter binary mixture [L water (kg DM)-1])”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation reduced water use efficiency for wheat seed yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (mean over rotations) for DM production (15.5 in meadow and 17.5 in annual grass-clover winter binary mixture [L water (kg DM)-1]) and wheat SYe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation reduced the impact of weather on crop growing, reducing water use efficiency (mean over rotations) for DM production (15.5 in meadow and 17.5 in annual grass-clover winter binary mixture [L water (kg DM)-1]) and wheat SY.”
Claim · model-written summary
Forage crop benefits to topsoil were exhausted after three years of continuous wheat rotation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- continuous wheat rotatione0
- Outcome
- agronomic benefits achieved by forage crops in topsoile0
- Direction
- exhaustede0
- Value
- three yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the agronomic benefits achieved by forage crops in topsoil are exhausted after three years of continuous wheat rotation.”
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