Abstract
Two beneficial fungi viz., Paecilomyces lilacinus antagonistic to phytoparasitic nematodes and Trichoderma harzianum antagonistic to pathogenic fungi, in combination with neem cake, were evaluated for the control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici wilt complex. The three fungi were individually examined for variations in their growth and sporulation and their mutual interactive effects (dual culture method) on potato dextrose agar medium at 28 oC. The interrelationship between Meloidogyne incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in susceptible tomato cv. Pusa Ruby, was studied and their management by the integrated approach of using P. lilacinus and T. harzianum and neem cake was evaluated in pots in a glass-house. Among the three fungi, T. harzianum PDBC TH23 grew and sporulated faster (8.8 cm in 7 days and sporulation after 7 days) than P. lilacinus PDBC PL55 (6.8 cm in 7 days and 14 days, respectively) and F. oxysporum (4.9 cm in 7 days and 18 days, respectively). In dual culture studies, the combinations of P. lilacinus with T. harzianum or F. oxysporum did not exhibit any mutual inhibition/suppression, while the combination of T. harzianum + F. oxysporum, resulted in 42% inhibition of F. oxysporum. Inoculation of M. incognita juveniles prior to Fusarium inoculation advanced the wilt of tomato by a week, while nematode inoculation after Fusarium inoculation did not increase wilting. Trichoderma harzianum controlled wilt in the presence of M. incognita for 6 weeks after transplanting. Roots of tomatoes that received P. lilacinus along with T. harzianum and neem cake were free from nematode and did not wilt till harvest. The roots obtained from these combinations were free from Fusarium fungus.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum PDBC TH23 grew faster than the other two fungi on agar.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Interactor
- T. harzianum PDBC TH23
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- grewe0
- Direction
- fastere0
- Value
- 8.8 cm in 7 dayse0
- Qualifier
- 6.8 cm in 7 dayse0
- Comparator
- P. lilacinus PDBC PL55e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in tomato”
e0“T. harzianum PDBC TH23 grew and sporulated faster (8.8 cm in 7 days and sporulation after 7 days) than P. lilacinus PDBC PL55 (6.8 cm in 7 days and 14 days, respectively) and F. oxysporum (4.9 cm in 7 days and 18 days, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum PDBC TH23 sporulated sooner than the other two fungi.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum PDBC TH23Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- sporulatede0
- Direction
- fastere0
- Value
- 7 dayse0
- Qualifier
- 14 dayse0
- Comparator
- P. lilacinus PDBC PL55e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in tomato”
e0“T. harzianum PDBC TH23 grew and sporulated faster (8.8 cm in 7 days and sporulation after 7 days) than P. lilacinus PDBC PL55 (6.8 cm in 7 days and 14 days, respectively) and F. oxysporum (4.9 cm in 7 days and 18 days, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Paecilomyces lilacinus and Trichoderma harzianum did not mutually inhibit each other in dual culture.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- P. lilacinus
Purpureocillium lilacinume0biocontrol_agent - Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mutual inhibition/suppressione0
- Direction
- did not exhibite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in tomato”
e0“the combinations of P. lilacinus with T. harzianum or F. oxysporum did not exhibit any mutual inhibition/suppression”
Claim · model-written summary
Paecilomyces lilacinus and Fusarium oxysporum did not mutually inhibit each other in dual culture.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Second interactor
- P. lilacinusPurpureocillium lilacinume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mutual inhibition/suppressione0
- Direction
- did not exhibite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“in tomato”
e0“the combinations of P. lilacinus with T. harzianum or F. oxysporum did not exhibit any mutual inhibition/suppression”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum inhibited Fusarium oxysporum by 42% in dual culture.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibition of F. oxysporume0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 42%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in tomato”
e0“the combination of T. harzianum + F. oxysporum, resulted in 42% inhibition of F. oxysporum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode inoculation before Fusarium advanced tomato wilt by a week.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Inoculation of M. incognita juveniles prior to Fusarium inoculatione0
- Interactor
- M. incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pathogen - Outcome
- wilt of tomatoe0
- Direction
- advancede0
- Value
- a weeke0
- Comparator
- nematode inoculation after Fusarium inoculatione1
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation of M. incognita juveniles prior to Fusarium inoculation advanced the wilt of tomato by a week”
e1“nematode inoculation after Fusarium inoculation did not increase wilting”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode inoculation after Fusarium did not increase tomato wilting.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- nematode inoculation after Fusarium inoculatione0
- Outcome
- wiltinge0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode inoculation after Fusarium inoculation did not increase wilting”
e1“wilt of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum controlled tomato wilt in the presence of M. incognita for six weeks after transplanting.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma harzianume0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- wilte0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 6 weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in tomato”
e0“Trichoderma harzianum controlled wilt in the presence of M. incognita for 6 weeks after transplanting”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato roots receiving Paecilomyces lilacinus, Trichoderma harzianum and neem cake remained free of nematodes.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- Rootse0
- Treatment
- P. lilacinus along with T. harzianum and neem cakee0
- Second interactor
- P. lilacinusPurpureocillium lilacinume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- free from nematodee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Roots of tomatoes that received P. lilacinus along with T. harzianum and neem cake were free from nematode”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomatoes receiving the combined treatment did not wilt until harvest.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- P. lilacinus along with T. harzianum and neem cakee0
- Interactor
- P. lilacinusPurpureocillium lilacinume0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- did not wilte0
- Qualifier
- till harveste0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Roots of tomatoes that received P. lilacinus along with T. harzianum and neem cake were free from nematode and did not wilt till harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato roots from the treatment combinations were free of Fusarium.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- P. lilacinus along with T. harzianum and neem cakee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium funguse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- free from Fusarium funguse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in tomato”
e0“The roots obtained from these combinations were free from Fusarium fungus”
e1“P. lilacinus along with T. harzianum and neem cake”
The same questions in other papers
Purpureocillium lilacinum · organism · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
Fusarium · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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See all 13 papers →Meloidogyne incognita · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
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See all 13 papers →Trichoderma harzianum · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
41 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
41 papers more in this group
See all 45 papers →Trichoderma harzianum · organism · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Purpureocillium lilacinum · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Trichoderma harzianum · Nematoda · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Purpureocillium lilacinum · Nematoda · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
10 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.