Abstract
Elevated CO2 concentration has been the main cause of climate change and has gained considerable attention due to its important impacts on crop growth and yield formation.Winter wheat,a major food crop in China,is mainly cultivated in the arid and semiarid regions of the country.It is therefore critical to study the growth and water use of winter wheat under different water and CO2 conditions.In this study,winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)] and two soil water contents [70% 80%(sufficient) and 50% 60%(drought) of field capacity].Plant growth,aboveground biomass,grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) at different stages were analyzed.The results showed that although elevated CO2 had no significant effect on plant height and ear length,it respectively increased biomass by 28.6% and 18.6% under sufficient and drought water conditions.Elevated CO2 also respectively increased grain number and grain yield by 24.3% and 32.6% under sufficient water conditions and by 15.5% and 22.6% under drought conditions.Elevated CO2 showed no significant effect on the 1000-grain weight.Elevated CO2 increased evapotranspiration respectively by 8.5% and 4.6% under sufficient and drought water conditions.It also respectively increased population WUE by 17.7% and 13.7% and grain WUE by 24.8% and 17.1% under sufficient and drought water conditions.Elevated CO2 increased Pn by 15.6% and 12.9%,decreased Gs by 22.7% and 18.2% and Tr by 8.9% and 7.5% under sufficient and drought water conditions,respectively.Chlorophyll and water potential also increased under elevated CO2.There was a higher increase in water potential(7.7%) under sufficient water conditions while chlorophyll increased respectively by 7.5% and 3.8% under sufficient and drought water conditions.The results suggested that the effect of elevated CO2 on winter wheat growth,yield and WUE also depended on water conditions.The positive effects exceed the negative effects under sufficient water conditions.Grain yield improvement under elevated CO2 and was mainly driven by increased grain number.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased winter wheat biomass by 28.6% under sufficient water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- biomasse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 28.6%e2
- Qualifier
- sufficiente2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“although elevated CO2 had no significant effect on plant height and ear length,it respectively increased biomass by 28.6% and 18.6% under sufficient and drought water conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased winter wheat biomass by 18.6% under drought water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- biomasse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 18.6%e2
- Qualifier
- drought water conditionse2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“although elevated CO2 had no significant effect on plant height and ear length,it respectively increased biomass by 28.6% and 18.6% under sufficient and drought water conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased grain number of winter wheat by 24.3% under sufficient water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- grain numbere2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 24.3%e2
- Qualifier
- sufficient water conditionse2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 also respectively increased grain number and grain yield by 24.3% and 32.6% under sufficient water conditions and by 15.5% and 22.6% under drought conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased winter wheat grain yield by 32.6% under sufficient water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 32.6%e2
- Qualifier
- sufficient water conditionse2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 also respectively increased grain number and grain yield by 24.3% and 32.6% under sufficient water conditions and by 15.5% and 22.6% under drought conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased winter wheat grain number by 15.5% under drought conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- grain numbere2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 15.5%e2
- Qualifier
- drought conditionse2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 also respectively increased grain number and grain yield by 24.3% and 32.6% under sufficient water conditions and by 15.5% and 22.6% under drought conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased winter wheat grain yield by 22.6% under drought conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 22.6%e2
- Qualifier
- drought conditionse2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 also respectively increased grain number and grain yield by 24.3% and 32.6% under sufficient water conditions and by 15.5% and 22.6% under drought conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 had no significant effect on winter wheat plant height, ear length and 1000-grain weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- plant height and ear lengthe2
- Direction
- no significant effecte2
- Qualifier
- showed no significant effect on the 1000-grain weighte3
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“although elevated CO2 had no significant effect on plant height and ear length”
e3“Elevated CO2 showed no significant effect on the 1000-grain weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased evapotranspiration of winter wheat by 8.5% under sufficient water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- evapotranspiratione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 8.5%e2
- Qualifier
- sufficiente2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 increased evapotranspiration respectively by 8.5% and 4.6% under sufficient and drought water conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased evapotranspiration of winter wheat by 4.6% under drought water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- evapotranspiratione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 4.6%e2
- Qualifier
- droughte2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 increased evapotranspiration respectively by 8.5% and 4.6% under sufficient and drought water conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased population WUE of winter wheat by 17.7% under sufficient water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e3
- Outcome
- population WUEe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 17.7%e2
- Qualifier
- sufficiente2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“It also respectively increased population WUE by 17.7% and 13.7% and grain WUE by 24.8% and 17.1% under sufficient and drought water conditions”
e3“Chlorophyll and water potential also increased under elevated CO2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased population WUE of winter wheat by 13.7% under drought water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e3
- Outcome
- population WUEe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 13.7%e2
- Qualifier
- droughte2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“It also respectively increased population WUE by 17.7% and 13.7% and grain WUE by 24.8% and 17.1% under sufficient and drought water conditions”
e3“Chlorophyll and water potential also increased under elevated CO2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased grain WUE of winter wheat by 24.8% under sufficient water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e3
- Outcome
- grain WUEe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 24.8%e2
- Qualifier
- sufficiente2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“It also respectively increased population WUE by 17.7% and 13.7% and grain WUE by 24.8% and 17.1% under sufficient and drought water conditions”
e3“Chlorophyll and water potential also increased under elevated CO2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased grain WUE of winter wheat by 17.1% under drought water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e3
- Outcome
- grain WUEe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 17.1%e2
- Qualifier
- droughte2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“It also respectively increased population WUE by 17.7% and 13.7% and grain WUE by 24.8% and 17.1% under sufficient and drought water conditions”
e3“Chlorophyll and water potential also increased under elevated CO2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased Pn of winter wheat by 15.6% under sufficient water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- Pne2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 15.6%e2
- Qualifier
- sufficiente2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 increased Pn by 15.6% and 12.9%,decreased Gs by 22.7% and 18.2% and Tr by 8.9% and 7.5% under sufficient and drought water conditions,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased Pn of winter wheat by 12.9% under drought water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- Pne2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 12.9%e2
- Qualifier
- droughte2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 increased Pn by 15.6% and 12.9%,decreased Gs by 22.7% and 18.2% and Tr by 8.9% and 7.5% under sufficient and drought water conditions,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased Gs of winter wheat by 22.7% under sufficient water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- Gse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 22.7%e2
- Qualifier
- sufficiente2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 increased Pn by 15.6% and 12.9%,decreased Gs by 22.7% and 18.2% and Tr by 8.9% and 7.5% under sufficient and drought water conditions,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased Gs of winter wheat by 18.2% under drought water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- Gse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 18.2%e2
- Qualifier
- droughte2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 increased Pn by 15.6% and 12.9%,decreased Gs by 22.7% and 18.2% and Tr by 8.9% and 7.5% under sufficient and drought water conditions,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased Tr of winter wheat by 8.9% under sufficient water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- Tre2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 8.9%e2
- Qualifier
- sufficiente2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 increased Pn by 15.6% and 12.9%,decreased Gs by 22.7% and 18.2% and Tr by 8.9% and 7.5% under sufficient and drought water conditions,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased Tr of winter wheat by 7.5% under drought water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- Tre2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 7.5%e2
- Qualifier
- droughte2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“Elevated CO2 increased Pn by 15.6% and 12.9%,decreased Gs by 22.7% and 18.2% and Tr by 8.9% and 7.5% under sufficient and drought water conditions,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased chlorophyll of winter wheat by 7.5% under sufficient water conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e3
- Outcome
- chlorophylle2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 7.5%e2
- Qualifier
- sufficiente2
- Comparator
- (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)e1
- Setting
- closed chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter wheat was grown in a pot experiment in closed chambers subjected to two concentrations of CO2 [(396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A) and(760.1±36.1) μmol·mol 1(E)”
e2“chlorophyll increased respectively by 7.5% and 3.8% under sufficient and drought water conditions”
e3“Chlorophyll and water potential also increased under elevated CO2”
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