co2 · Physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)

CO₂‐Enrichment Effects on Wheat Yield and Physiology¹ · 1984

• positive
  Apparent photosynthesis increased 50%.

cited by 4 papers here

Effects of CO₂Enrichment at Different Irradiances on Growth and Yield of Wheat · 1985

• positive
  CO2 enrichment almost doubled flag leaf net photosynthesis at day 16.

cited by 1 paper here

Interaction of Elevated Ultraviolet-B Radiation and CO₂ on Productivity and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Wheat, Rice, and Soybean · 1990

• positive
  wheat photosynthesis, AQE and WUE increased with elevated CO2.
• negative
  Elevated UV-B eliminated the high-CO2 AQE response in wheat.

  compared with high CO(2)

Physiology and Growth of Wheat Across a Subambient Carbon Dioxide Gradient · 1993

• positive
  The daily photosynthetic photon flux density required for positive CO2 accumulation declined at higher CO2.

Interacting effects of CO₂ concentration, temperature and nitrogen supply on the photosynthesis and composition of winter wheat leaves · 1994

• positive
  Leaves grown at 700 μmol mol −1 CO2 had slightly greater photosynthetic capacity, about 10% higher on average, than those at ambient CO2.

  compared with ambient CO 2 concentration

• no effect
  Elevated CO2 gave no differences in carboxylation efficiency or apparent quantum yield in winter wheat leaves.

  compared with ambient CO 2 concentration

• no effect
  Long-term elevated CO2 did not change chlorophyll, soluble protein or Rubisco per unit leaf area in winter wheat grown under simulated field conditions.

  compared with ambient CO 2 concentration

cites 1 paper herecited by 6 papers here

Interactive effects of high CO2 and SO2 on growth and antioxidant levels in wheat · 1994

• positive
  High CO2 significantly enhanced shoot biomass and photosynthetic capacity of wheat.

Productivity and water use of wheat under free‐air CO₂ enrichment · 1995

• positive
  Net canopy photosynthesis was stimulated by an average 19 and 44% in the Wet and Dry plots, respectively, by elevated [CO 2 ] for most of the growing season.
• positive
  Net canopy photosynthesis was stimulated by an average 19 and 44% in the Wet and Dry plots, respectively, by elevated [CO 2 ] for most of the growing season.

cites 1 paper herecited by 6 papers here

Production and utilization of assimilates in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) leaves exposed to elevated O₃and/or CO₂ · 1995

• positive
  Elevated carbon dioxide enhanced net assimilation by 47%.

cited by 2 papers here

Long‐ and short‐term effects of decreased sink demand on carbohydrate levels and photosynthesis in wheat leaves · 1996

• positive
  Photosynthesis rose similarly in eared and earless shoots when CO 2 increased.

  compared with eared and earless shoots

Photosynthetic Characteristics in Wheat Exposed to Elevated O3 and CO2 · 1996

• positive
  Enriched CO2 stimulated wheat photosynthesis early and late in the growing season.

Responses to Root‐Zone CO₂ Enrichment and Hypoxia of Wheat Genotypes Differing in Waterlogging Tolerance · 1997

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased photosynthetic rate and leaf chlorophyll of hypoxic Savannah.
• negative
  Combined elevated CO2 and hypoxia significantly reduced Bayles photosynthesis, conductance and water potential.

Impact of elevated atmospheric CO₂and O₃on gas exchange and chlorophyll content in spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) · 1997

• positive
  Photosynthesis under saturating irradiances was increased by up to 100% at 680 μmol mol–1 CO2 relative to the ambient CO2 control.

  compared with ambient CO2 control

• positive
  In O3-treated leaves, photosynthesis was increased under elevated CO2 relative to the ambient CO2 treatment.

  compared with ambient CO2 treatment

cited by 3 papers here

Adaptation to high CO₂ concentration in an optimal environment: radiation capture, canopy quantum yield and carbon use efficiency · 1998

• positive
  Elevated CO2 sustained an increase in canopy quantum yield.
• positive
  CO2 enrichment increased average life-cycle net photosynthesis by 13%.

cites 1 paper here

Does Leaf Position within a Canopy Affect Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Elevated CO2?1 · 1998

• positive
  In situ wheat photosynthetic CO2 uptake remained higher under elevated CO2.

cites 2 papers herecited by 3 papers here

Photosynthesis and conductance of spring‐wheat leaves: field response to continuous free‐air atmospheric CO₂ enrichment · 1998

• positive
  Elevated CO2 raised seasonal midday photosynthesis by 28%.

  compared with contols

• positive
  Elevated CO2 raised daily photosynthesis integrals by 21%.

  compared with ambient air

cites 4 papers herecited by 3 papers here

Carbon Balance of a Winter Wheat-Root Microbiota System Under Elevated CO2 · 1999

• positive
  At posttillering, elevated CO2 plants had 167% of control net photosynthesis.

  compared with control (AC) plants

• positive
  At pretillering, elevated CO2 plants had 115% of control net photosynthesis.

  compared with control (AC) plants

• positive
  Elevated CO2 plants averaged 123% of control net photosynthesis across their life span.

  compared with control (AC) plants

• negative
  At tillering, elevated CO2 plants had 88% of control net photosynthesis.

  compared with control (AC) plants

• negative
  At tillering, elevated CO2 transiently depressed net photosynthesis.

Do open‐top chambers overestimate the effects of rising CO₂ on plants? An analysis using spring wheat · 1999

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased photosynthetic rates of spring wheat.

cites 1 paper here

[Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on photosynthesis and antioxidative enzyme activities of wheat plant grown under drought condition]. · 2000

• positive
  Elevated CO2 enhanced wheat photosynthesis.

Effects of Carbonic Anhydrase in Wheat Leaf on Photosynthetic Function Under Low CO_2 Concentration · 2001

• positive
  Low CO2 increased carbon assimilation rate significantly after 24h.

Gas Exchange Responses to CO₂ Concentration Instantaneously Elevated in Flag Leaves of Winter Wheat Cultivars Released in Different Years · 2002

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency in wheat flag leaves.

cites 1 paper here

Response of Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat to Whole Season CO_2 Enrichment and Drought · 2002

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased net photosynthesis at all three water levels.
• negative
  At common 700 muL/L measurement CO2, Pn was 22 % lower after elevated growth CO2 than after ambient CO2.

  compared with ambient [ CO2]

[Effects of CO2 enrichment, nitrogen and water on photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of spring wheat]. · 2003

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased photosynthetic rate more under drought than wet conditions.

  compared with wet treatment

Mechanisms underlying the amelioration of O3-induced damage by elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2 · 2004

• positive
  CO2 enrichment stimulated spring wheat growth and net CO2 assimilation.

cites 6 papers here

Photosynthesis of C3 and C4 Species in Response to Increased CO 2 Concentration and Drought Stress · 2005

• positive
  Doubled CO2 increased photosynthesis of wheat and kale (C3 species).

  compared with ambient (350 μmol mol−1)

Effects of elevated CO_2 concentration and drought on the photosynthesis and stomatal resistance and transpiration efficiency of different strains of spring wheat · 2005

• positive
  Photosynthesis rate increased in the two spring wheats.

Photosynthesis of C3 and C4 Species in Response to Increased CO2 Concentration and Drought Stress · 2005

• positive
  Increased CO2 delayed drought-related photosynthesis reduction in all species but did not eliminate it.
• positive
  Doubled CO2 increased photosynthesis of C3 species.

Effects of CO_2 Enrichment on Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Spring Wheat · 2008

• positive
  Compared with the control, net photosynthetic rate increased significantly at the booting and filling stages under CO2 enrichment.

  compared with the control

• positive
  Net photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2 of wheat leaves increased with rising CO2 concentration.

Effects of different rates of nitrogen supply on the CO2-response curve in flag leaves of super-high-yield winter wheat at flowering stage. · 2009

• positive
  Under rational nitrogen application and elevated CO2, net photosynthesis rate increases.
• positive
  Net photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency of flag leaves increased as atmospheric CO2 concentration rose and stayed stable at 800 μmol CO2·mol-1.

Effects of nitrogen application and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on photosynthesis of spring wheat at the jointing stage. · 2010

• positive
  Elevated CO2 raised wheat leaf Pn by 36.8% relative to ambient CO2.

  compared with ambiment atmospheric CO2 concentration

Intraspecific variation in growth and yield response to elevated CO2 in wheat depends on the differences of leaf mass per unit area · 2012

• positive
  Flag leaf photosynthesis increased by an average of 57% at elevated CO2.

  compared with ambient [CO2]

cites 1 paper herecited by 3 papers here

The Alleviating Effect of Elevated CO₂ on Heat Stress Susceptibility of Two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars · 2013

• positive
  Wheat plants grown in elevated CO2 maintained higher P N and Fv/Fm than plants grown in ambient CO2 under heat stress.

  compared with ambient CO 2

cites 1 paper herecited by 2 papers here

Individual and interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on tropical wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with special emphasis on ROS generation and activation of antioxidant defence system. · 2013

• positive
  Elevated CO2 stimulated wheat photosynthetic rate and Fv/Fm.

cited by 1 paper here

Effects of elevated CO_2 concentration and different water conditions on winter wheat growth and water use · 2013

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased Pn of winter wheat by 12.9% under drought water conditions.

  compared with (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased Pn of winter wheat by 15.6% under sufficient water conditions.

  compared with (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol 1(A)

Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO_2 on growth and yield of rice and wheat:a Meta-analysis · 2013

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased photosynthetic rate of wheat by 10.49%.

Effects of elevated CO_2 and nitrogen application on photosynthetic area and gain-leaf ratio of winter wheat · 2013

• positive
  CO2 concentration elevation increased the photosynthetic area per stem of Xiaoyan 22 by 2.8%~13.2% relative to ambient CO2, with the largest change under 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil) nitrogen.

  compared with ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1)

• positive
  Elevated CO2 positively influenced photosynthetic area of leaf, stem node and awn of winter wheat compared with ambient CO2.

  compared with ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1)

• positive
  CO2 concentration elevation increased the photosynthetic area per stem of Xiaoyan 6 by 8.1%~15.1% relative to ambient CO2, with the largest change under 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil) nitrogen.

  compared with ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1)

Interactive Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Water on the Growth and Development of Winter Wheat · 2013

• positive
  Elevated CO2 significantly increased net photosynthesis and water use efficiency.

  compared with ambient carbon dioxide(400μmol·mol-1)

cited by 1 paper here

Modeling climate change impacts on the yield and quality of crops based on leaf photosynthesis with the acclimation to elevated CO 2 · 2013

• positive
  Simulated elevated CO2 increased photosynthetic efficiency through more economical nitrogen distribution.

The alleviating effect of elevated CO2 on heat stress susceptibility of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars · 2013

• positive
  Elevated CO2 maintained higher PN and Fv/Fm than ambient CO2 during heat stress.

  compared with ambient CO2

Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO_2 on the Distribution and Accumulation of Photosynthetic Carbon in Soil-plant(Spring Wheat) System · 2014

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased the enrichment of photosynthetic C in all parts of wheat.

  compared with ambient CO2

Cold Tolerance of Photosynthetic Electron Transport System Is Enhanced in Wheat Plants Grown Under Elevated CO2 · 2018

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased quantum yield for reduction of end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side.
• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased electron transport efficiency in cold-stressed wheat.
• positive
  Elevated CO2 enhanced maximum quantum yield for electron transport beyond QA.

cites 1 paper here

Physiological and Proteomic Evidence for the Interactive Effects of Post‐Anthesis Heat Stress and Elevated CO₂ on Wheat · 2018

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased leaf photosynthetic traits.
• negative
  Combined elevated CO2 and heat significantly downregulated proteins in photosynthesis, antioxidant and protein synthesis pathways.
• negative
  Combined elevated CO2 and heat reduced photosynthetic rate.

cited by 3 papers here

Elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen supply affect photosynthesis and nitrogen partitioning of two wheat varieties · 2019

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased wheat leaf photosynthesis at all N levels except the lowest N supply.

cites 2 papers herecited by 1 paper here

Elevated CO2 alleviates the negative impact of heat stress on wheat physiology but not on grain yield · 2019

• positive
  Elevated CO2 reduced photochemical damage under heat stress.
• positive
  Elevated CO2 down-regulated photosynthetic capacity in non-heat-stressed plants.
• positive
  Under no heat stress, elevated CO2 increased assimilation by 36%.

cites 7 papers herecited by 4 papers here

Responses of leaf gas exchange to high temperature and drought combination as well as re-watering of winter wheat under doubling atmospheric CO₂ concentration · 2019

• positive
  Elevated CO2 enhanced net photosynthetic rates (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rates (Tr).

A reduced‐tillering trait shows small but important yield gains in dryland wheat production · 2020

• positive
  Elevated CO2 with increased temperature and reduced rainfall increased the area with restricted tillering advantage.

Impact of elevated CO₂ on two contrasting wheat genotypes exposed to intermediate drought stress at anthesis · 2020

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased photosynthetic rate.

Higher Atmospheric CO2 Levels Favor C3 Plants Over C4 Plants in Utilizing Ammonium as a Nitrogen Source · 2020

• positive
  Higher CO2 relieved ammonium inhibition of wheat net photosynthesis.

cites 1 paper here

Effects of Elevated CO2 on Crop Growth Rates, Radiation Absorption, Canopy Quantum Yield, Canopy Carbon Use Efficiency, and Root Respiration of Wheat · 2021

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased wheat average canopy quantum yield by 31%.

  compared with 330 or 1200 μmol mol-1 CO2

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased wheat average net photosynthesis by 30%.

  compared with 330 or 1200 μmol mol-1 CO2

Does a Large Ear Type Wheat Variety Benefit More From Elevated CO2 Than That From Small Multiple Ear-Type in the Quantum Efficiency of PSII Photochemistry? · 2021

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased flag leaf PSII efficiency in Shanhan 8675 wheat at anthesis.

Moderate heat stress prevented the observed biomass and yield stimulation caused by elevated CO2 in two well-watered wheat cultivars · 2022

• positive
  Elevated CO2 stimulated photosynthesis in Scout during heat stress.
• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased photosynthesis rate.

  compared with aCO 2

cites 8 papers here

Elevated [CO₂] raises the temperature optimum of photosynthesis and thus promotes net photosynthesis of winter wheat and rice · 2022

• positive
  Elevated CO2 raised wheat photosynthetic temperature optimum 1.8–5.6°C.
• positive
  Elevated CO2 widened the leaf temperature range that promotes photosynthesis.
• positive
  Elevated CO2 generally increased net photosynthesis 10–40% across leaf temperatures.

Early or late? The role of genotype phenology in determining wheat response to drought under future high atmospheric CO₂ levels · 2022

• positive
  Preanthesis carbon assimilation increased 87% for Ruta under elevated CO2.

  compared with Zahir

• positive
  Preanthesis carbon assimilation increased 22% for Zahir under elevated CO2.

  compared with Ruta

cites 1 paper here

Elevated CO2 enhanced water use efficiency of wheat to progressive drought stress but not on maize · 2022

• positive
  Under non-drought stress, elevated CO2 increased the net photosynthetic rate only in wheat.

  compared with ambient (a[CO 2 ], 400 ppm)

cites 2 papers herecited by 1 paper here

Effects of soil water deficit and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration on leaf photosynthesis of winter wheat · 2022

• positive
  Elevated CO2 enhanced net photosynthesis during water deficit.
• positive
  Elevated CO2 boosted Rubisco activation state by 38%.

Effects of Elevated CO2 on the Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Yield of Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) under Persistent Drought Stress · 2023

• positive
  Elevated CO2 enhanced the positive drought response of Fv/Fm.
• no effect
  Elevated CO2 did not ameliorate the adverse drought effect on PN.
• no effect
  Elevated CO2 did not significantly increase main-shoot leaf photosynthetic capacity in Triumph.

cites 3 papers here

The Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameter Fv/Fm Correlates with Loss of Grain Yield after Severe Drought in Three Wheat Genotypes Grown at Two CO2 Concentrations · 2023

• positive
  Elevated CO2 boosted photosynthesis.

cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here

Elevated CO2 Suppresses the Vanadium Stress in Wheat Plants under the Future Climate CO2 · 2023

• positive
  Elevated CO2 reduced vanadium toxicity on photosynthesis.

Mitigation of Elevated CO2 Concentration on Warming-Induced Changes in Wheat Is Limited under Extreme Temperature during the Grain Filling Period · 2023

• positive
  Elevated [CO2] stimulated photosynthesis in wheat under elevated temperatures.
• positive
  Elevated [CO2] significantly increased the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Anmax) of wheat.
• negative
  The combination of elevated CO2 and temperature reduced photosynthesis and biomass of wheat.

cites 4 papers here

Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat to synergistic effects of selenium nanoparticles and elevated CO2 conditions · 2023

• positive
  Elevated CO2 raised Rubisco activity by about 23%.
• positive
  Elevated CO2 improved photosynthesis capacity by 42%.
• positive
  Combined SeNP and elevated CO2 treatment gave the highest leaf pigment accumulation, 49–118% above control.

  compared with control

cites 1 paper here

Response of aestivum and durum wheat varieties to elevated CO2 and temperature under OTC condition · 2023

• positive
  Elevated CO2 at 550 ppm partially compensated the reduction in photosynthesis rate, leaf area index, and tiller number.

  compared with elevated temperature treatment

Effect of Elevated CO2 on the Growth, Physiological Traits and Biological Yield of Three Genotypes of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) · 2023

• positive
  Photosynthetic rate increased significantly in two of three genotypes.

Star Anise Extract as a Plant Growth Regulator · 2023

• positive
  Growth regulator increased photosynthetic activity in winter wheat.

Leaf photosynthetic performance is not a key factor affecting grain yield in spring wheat subjected to heat and combined heat and drought stresses · 2024

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased photosynthesis at 35°C.

  compared with aCO 2

cites 3 papers here

Effects of elevated atmospheric [CO2] on grain starch characteristics in different specialized wheat · 2024

• positive
  Elevated [CO2] significantly improved photosynthetic performance and yield of wheat compared with ambient [CO2] in open-top chambers.

  compared with ambient [CO 2 ]

Multigenerational Effects of Elevated CO₂ and N Supply on Leaf Gas Exchange Traits in Wheat Plants · 2024

• positive
  Elevated CO2 enhanced water use efficiency and photosynthetic N use efficiency of wheat at both N levels.

  compared with ambient ( a [CO 2 ], 400 ppm)

• positive
  Cultivar 325Jimai showed better photosynthetic performance under elevated CO2 over the three generations.
• positive
  Elevated CO2 stimulated the photosynthetic rate of wheat at both N levels.

  compared with ambient ( a [CO 2 ], 400 ppm)

• positive
  Under low N supply, the photosynthetic capacity parameters of wheat under elevated CO2 recovered in the third generation.
• negative
  At high N levels, photosynthetic acclimation of wheat to elevated CO2 diminished with successive generations.
• negative
  Under low N supply, elevated CO2 significantly downregulated the maximum carboxylation rate, maximum electron transport rate and triose phosphate utilisation of wheat from the first to the second generation.

cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here

Responses of photosynthesis and respiration of wheat leaves to elevated CO2 are not constrained by soil nitrogen · 2025

• positive
  Elevated CO2 increased net photosynthesis of young wheat leaves by about 10% at both nitrogen levels.
• negative
  Elevated CO2 decreased net photosynthesis of old wheat leaves.

Carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere diminished the phytotoxicity of neodymium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) · 2025

• positive
  Elevated CO2 mitigated the negative effect of Nd on biomass production and photosynthesis-related parameters in wheat.

  compared with ambient [CO 2 ]

Impact of Plant Developmental Stage on Photosynthetic Acclimation to Elevated [CO2] in Durum Wheat · 2025

• positive
  At Z39 under elevated CO2, wheat maintained photosynthetic rates despite carbohydrate buildup.

  compared with 400 ppm

• negative
  At Z51, Rubisco carboxylation capacity remained reduced under elevated CO2.

cites 2 papers here

Responses of Wild and Cultivated Tetraploid Wheat to CO ₂ Enrichment: Stomatal Optimization of Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency · 2026

• positive
  Both wheat subspecies had a significant increase in photosystem II quantum yield under elevated CO2.

  compared with ambient

cites 1 paper here