Abstract
Whole-growing season pot experiments were conducted to examine the response of growth and water use efficiency ( WUE) of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Gaoyuan 602) to CO2 enrichment. Wheat plants were grown in open-top chambers (OTCs) subject to two concentrations of CO2 ( [CO2 ]) ( 350 and 700 muL/L, hereafter "ambient" and "elevated" respectively) and three soil water levels (80%, 60% and 40% field water capacity ( FWC), hereafter "high soil moisture", 11 medium soil moisture" and "low soil moisture" respectively). Elevated CO2 greatly increased leaf net photosynthesis ( Pn) at all three soil water levels. The Pn of plants growing under elevated [CO2] was 22 % lower than that of plants growing at ambient [ CO2] when measured with the same [CO2] (700 muL/L). Plant growth was enhanced by elevated [CO2] throughout the growing season, with an increase of 14.8% in shoot dry weight at harvest under high soil moisture, and leaf area was increased by about 20 % at all three soil water levels. Elevated [CO2] in combination with high soil moisture increased the ratio of plant shoot dry weight to height by 15.7%, while this ratio was decreased by over 50 % when plants were subject to drought. Elevated [CO2] also increased the water use efficiency of wheat, mainly due to decreases in transpiration and cumulative consumption of water, and an increase in shoot dry weight, with the biggest value of 30% occurring at high soil water moisture level. Compared to high soil moisture, drought decreased shoot dry weight by 72% under ambient [CO2], and by 76% under elevated [ CO2] Similarly, drought also reduced WUE by 19 % under ambient [ CO2 ], and 23 % under elevated [ CO2] Our results indicate that: (1) elevated [CO2] can increase the photosynthetic rates, g:rowth and WUE of wheat plants; (2) long-term exposure to high [CO2] may result in lower photosynthetic capacity; (3) high [CO2] stimulates plants lateral growth more than vertical growth; (4) the effects Of CO2 enrichment on plants depend on soil water status, with plants benefiting more from CO2 enrichment if sufficient water is supplied; and (5) drought may cause relatively more reduction in plant g:rowth and WUE under future elevated [ CO2] conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased net photosynthesis at all three water levels.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- leaf net photosynthesis ( Pn)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- all three soil water levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Elevated CO2 greatly increased leaf net photosynthesis ( Pn) at all three soil water levels”
Claim · model-written summary
At common 700 muL/L measurement CO2, Pn was 22 % lower after elevated growth CO2 than after ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 22 %e0
- Qualifier
- same [CO2] (700 muL/L)e0
- Comparator
- ambient [ CO2]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“The Pn of plants growing under elevated [CO2] was 22 % lower than that of plants growing at ambient [ CO2] when measured with the same [CO2] (700 muL/L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased shoot dry weight at harvest by 14.8% under high moisture.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 14.8%e0
- Qualifier
- high soil moisturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Plant growth was enhanced by elevated [CO2] throughout the growing season, with an increase of 14.8% in shoot dry weight at harvest under high soil moisture”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased leaf area about 20 % at all water levels.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20 %e0
- Qualifier
- all three soil water levelse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“leaf area was increased by about 20 % at all three soil water levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 with high moisture increased shoot dry weight to height ratio by 15.7%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2] in combination with high soil moisturee0
- Outcome
- ratio of plant shoot dry weight to heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Elevated [CO2] in combination with high soil moisture increased the ratio of plant shoot dry weight to height by 15.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased shoot dry weight to height ratio over 50 %.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- ratio of plant shoot dry weight to heighte1
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- over 50 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“this ratio was decreased by over 50 % when plants were subject to drought”
e1“ratio of plant shoot dry weight to height by 15.7%, while this ratio was decreased by over 50 % when plants were subject to drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased wheat WUE, with the biggest value of 30% at high moisture.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Qualifier
- high soil water moisture levele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated [CO2] also increased the water use efficiency of wheat, mainly due to decreases in transpiration and cumulative consumption of water, and an increase in shoot dry weight, with the biggest value of 30% occurring at high soil water moisture level”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced transpiration and cumulative water consumption.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- transpiration and cumulative consumption of watere0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“decreases in transpiration and cumulative consumption of water”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced shoot dry weight by 72% under ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 72%e0
- Qualifier
- ambient [CO2]e0
- Comparator
- high soil moisturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Compared to high soil moisture, drought decreased shoot dry weight by 72% under ambient [CO2]”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced shoot dry weight by 76% under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 76%e0
- Qualifier
- elevated [ CO2]e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“by 76% under elevated [ CO2]”
e1“drought decreased shoot dry weight by 72% under ambient [CO2], and by 76% under elevated [ CO2]”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced WUE by 19 % under ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19 %e0
- Qualifier
- ambient [ CO2 ]e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“drought also reduced WUE by 19 % under ambient [ CO2 ]”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced WUE by 23 % under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 23 %e0
- Qualifier
- elevated [ CO2]e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“drought also reduced WUE by 19 % under ambient [ CO2 ], and 23 % under elevated [ CO2]”
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