Abstract
【Objectives】Soil acidification has been a major problem in the intensive agricultural systems. Irrational application of chemical and fertilizer was a major contributor to soil acidification in farmland. In this paper,the reasonable ratios of chicken manure N in the total N supply of rice production were studied through theaccumulation of different labile fractions of soil organic matter and the variations of base cation contents.【Methods】A field experiment was successively conducted from 2003-2007,six treatments were designed: 1) No fertilizer( CK); 2) 100% organic N( M100); 3) 75% organic N( M75); 4) 50% organic N( M50); 5) 25% organic N( M25); 6) 100% chemical N( M0). The soil samples in the fifth year were collected to determine the soil exchange cations,organic matter accumulation and soil buffering capacities. 【Results】The rice yields are highest when 25%- 50% of the total 270 kg /ha nitrogen are from organic fertilizer,with the average yield 5. 1% higher than that from 100% chemical N,and 44. 9% higher than that with CK,there are no significant differences between treatments with 25% and 50% organic N. The soil organic matter contents and soil carbon management index are increased with the increase of the ratio of organic fertilizer. Only the total organic matter content has positive correlation with the chick manure application ratio,and the mid-labile organic matter have positive correlation with the rice yield( P = 0. 0067**). While high-labile organic matter,labile organic matter and total organic matter has no significant correlation with the rice yields( P = 0. 192,P = 0. 208,P = 0. 160,respectively).The increase of chicken manure application rate improves soil exchangeable base cation contents( Ca2 +,Mg2 +,K+and Na+),resulting in cation exchange capacity and pH rise. The soil buffering capacity is from 2. 07 to 2. 36 cmol /kg and increased with the ratio of chicken manure,and there is a significant positive correlation between the cation exchange capacity and organic matter content. These results indicate that soil pH and soil buffering capacity are increased under the higher chicken manure application,and soil cations and organic matter accumulation are increased under the chicken manure application. 【Conclusions】 Continuous chicken manure application can increase soil organic matter content and labile organic matter content,significantly increase the cations exchange capacity,and a high soil buffering capacity as a concequence. The optimal substitute ratio of chicken manure N to chemical fertilizer is 25% to 50% for obtaining the satisfactory soil properties and high yield.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield was highest with 25%- 50% organic N.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- 25%- 50% of the total 270 kg /ha nitrogen are from organic fertilizere0
- Outcome
- rice yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rice yields are highest when 25%- 50% of the total 270 kg /ha nitrogen are from organic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
At 25%- 50% organic N, average rice yield was 5. 1% higher than with all chemical N.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 25%- 50% of the total 270 kg /ha nitrogen are from organic fertilizere0
- Outcome
- average yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5. 1%e0
- Comparator
- 100% chemical Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rice yields are highest when 25%- 50% of the total 270 kg /ha nitrogen are from organic fertilizer,with the average yield 5. 1% higher than that from 100% chemical N”
Claim · model-written summary
At 25%- 50% organic N, average rice yield was 44. 9% above the unfertilized control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 25%- 50% of the total 270 kg /ha nitrogen are from organic fertilizere0
- Outcome
- average yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 44. 9%e0
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rice yields are highest when 25%- 50% of the total 270 kg /ha nitrogen are from organic fertilizer,with the average yield 5. 1% higher than that from 100% chemical N,and 44. 9% higher than that with CK”
e1“No fertilizer( CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yields did not differ significantly between 25% and 50% organic N.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- 25%e0
- Outcome
- rice yieldse1
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- 50% organic Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there are no significant differences between treatments with 25% and 50% organic N”
e1“The rice yields are highest when 25%- 50% of the total 270 kg /ha nitrogen are from organic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic matter content increased as the organic fertilizer ratio increased.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The soil organic matter contents and soil carbon management index are increased with the increase of the ratio of organic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil carbon management index increased as the organic fertilizer ratio increased.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The soil organic matter contents and soil carbon management index are increased with the increase of the ratio of organic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Total organic matter content correlated positively with chicken manure application ratio.
- Treatment
- chick manure application ratioe0
- Outcome
- total organic matter contente0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Only the total organic matter content has positive correlation with the chick manure application ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-labile organic matter correlated positively with rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mid-labile organic mattere0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
- Value
- P = 0. 0067**e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mid-labile organic matter have positive correlation with the rice yield( P = 0. 0067**)”
Claim · model-written summary
High-labile organic matter had no significant correlation with rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- high-labile organic mattere0
- Outcome
- rice yieldse0
- Direction
- no significant correlatione0
- Value
- P = 0. 192e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high-labile organic matter,labile organic matter and total organic matter has no significant correlation with the rice yields( P = 0. 192,P = 0. 208,P = 0. 160,respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Labile organic matter had no significant correlation with rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- labile organic mattere0
- Outcome
- rice yieldse0
- Direction
- no significant correlatione0
- Value
- P = 0. 208e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high-labile organic matter,labile organic matter and total organic matter has no significant correlation with the rice yields( P = 0. 192,P = 0. 208,P = 0. 160,respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total organic matter had no significant correlation with rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- total organic mattere0
- Outcome
- rice yieldse0
- Direction
- no significant correlatione0
- Value
- P = 0. 160e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high-labile organic matter,labile organic matter and total organic matter has no significant correlation with the rice yields( P = 0. 192,P = 0. 208,P = 0. 160,respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing chicken manure rate improved exchangeable soil base cations.
- Treatment
- increase of chicken manure application ratee0
- Outcome
- soil exchangeable base cation contents( Ca2 +,Mg2 +,K+and Na+)e0
- Direction
- improvese0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The increase of chicken manure application rate improves soil exchangeable base cation contents( Ca2 +,Mg2 +,K+and Na+)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing chicken manure rate raised soil cation exchange capacity.
- Treatment
- increase of chicken manure application ratee0
- Outcome
- cation exchange capacitye0
- Direction
- risee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The increase of chicken manure application rate improves soil exchangeable base cation contents( Ca2 +,Mg2 +,K+and Na+),resulting in cation exchange capacity and pH rise”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing chicken manure rate raised soil pH.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The increase of chicken manure application rate improves soil exchangeable base cation contents( Ca2 +,Mg2 +,K+and Na+),resulting in cation exchange capacity and pH rise”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil buffering capacity increased with chicken manure ratio and ranged from 2. 07 to 2. 36 cmol /kg.
- Treatment
- ratio of chicken manuree0
- Outcome
- soil buffering capacitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2. 07 to 2. 36 cmol /kge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The soil buffering capacity is from 2. 07 to 2. 36 cmol /kg and increased with the ratio of chicken manure”
Claim · model-written summary
Cation exchange capacity correlated positively with organic matter content.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“there is a significant positive correlation between the cation exchange capacity and organic matter content”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous chicken manure application increased labile organic matter content.
- Treatment
- Continuous chicken manure applicatione0
- Outcome
- labile organic matter contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Continuous chicken manure application can increase soil organic matter content and labile organic matter content”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended manure N substitution ratio is 25% to 50% for favorable soil properties and yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- optimal substitute ratio of chicken manure N to chemical fertilizere0
- Value
- 25% to 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimal substitute ratio of chicken manure N to chemical fertilizer is 25% to 50% for obtaining the satisfactory soil properties and high yield”
e1“rice production”
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