Effects of seed biopriming under different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on crop growth and nodulation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

Abstract

Application of Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6) recorded significantly higher plant height at 15DAS (23.4 cm), 30DAS (37.1 cm), 45DAS (47.7 cm), 60DAS (59.5 cm), 75DAS (63.4 cm), At harvest (68.1 cm), number of trifoliate leaves per plant at 15DAS (3.8), 30DAS (15.0), 45DAS (29.1), 60DAS (36.0), 75DAS (37.2), At harvest (39.5), number of branches plant-1 at 30DAS (7.1), 45DAS (13.7), 60DAS (18.0), 75DAS (22.2), At harvest (24.0), Days taken for 50% flowering 59.7 , number of nodules plant-1 (36.4), fresh weight of nodules (520.3 mg), dry weight of nodules (166.3 mg).

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Claims 7

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T6 recorded significantly higher plant height at 23.4 cm.

Taxon: cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
Treatment: Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6)e0
Interactor: RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome: plant heighte0
Direction: highere0
Value: 23.4 cme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Vigna unguiculata* · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

*Rhizobium* · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“Application of Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6) recorded significantly higher plant height at 15DAS (23.4 cm)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–128 · show in text ↑

t0
“cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 110–136 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T6 recorded significantly higher number of trifoliate leaves per plant at 3.8.

Taxon: cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
Treatment: Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6)e0
Interactor: RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome: number of trifoliate leaves per plante0
Direction: highere0
Value: 3.8e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Application of Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6) recorded significantly higher plant height at 15DAS (23.4 cm), 30DAS (37.1 cm), 45DAS (47.7 cm), 60DAS (59.5 cm), 75DAS (63.4 cm), At harvest (68.1 cm), number of trifoliate leaves per plant at 15DAS (3.8)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–272 · show in text ↑

t0
“cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 110–136 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T6 recorded significantly higher number of branches plant-1 at 7.1.

Taxon: cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
Treatment: Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6)e0
Interactor: RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome: number of branches plant-1e0
Direction: highere0
Value: 7.1e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Application of Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6) recorded significantly higher plant height at 15DAS (23.4 cm), 30DAS (37.1 cm), 45DAS (47.7 cm), 60DAS (59.5 cm), 75DAS (63.4 cm), At harvest (68.1 cm), number of trifoliate leaves per plant at 15DAS (3.8), 30DAS (15.0), 45DAS (29.1), 60DAS (36.0), 75DAS (37.2), At harvest (39.5), number of branches plant-1 at 30DAS (7.1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–390 · show in text ↑

t0
“cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 110–136 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T6 recorded significantly higher Days taken for 50% flowering at 59.7.

Taxon: cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
Treatment: Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6)e0
Interactor: RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome: Days taken for 50% floweringe0
Direction: highere0
Value: 59.7e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Application of Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6) recorded significantly higher plant height at 15DAS (23.4 cm), 30DAS (37.1 cm), 45DAS (47.7 cm), 60DAS (59.5 cm), 75DAS (63.4 cm), At harvest (68.1 cm), number of trifoliate leaves per plant at 15DAS (3.8), 30DAS (15.0), 45DAS (29.1), 60DAS (36.0), 75DAS (37.2), At harvest (39.5), number of branches plant-1 at 30DAS (7.1), 45DAS (13.7), 60DAS (18.0), 75DAS (22.2), At harvest (24.0), Days taken for 50% flowering 59.7”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–486 · show in text ↑

t0
“cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 110–136 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T6 recorded significantly higher number of nodules plant-1 at 36.4.

Taxon: cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
Treatment: Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6)e0
Interactor: RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome: number of nodules plant-1e0
Direction: highere0
Value: 36.4e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Application of Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6) recorded significantly higher plant height at 15DAS (23.4 cm), 30DAS (37.1 cm), 45DAS (47.7 cm), 60DAS (59.5 cm), 75DAS (63.4 cm), At harvest (68.1 cm), number of trifoliate leaves per plant at 15DAS (3.8), 30DAS (15.0), 45DAS (29.1), 60DAS (36.0), 75DAS (37.2), At harvest (39.5), number of branches plant-1 at 30DAS (7.1), 45DAS (13.7), 60DAS (18.0), 75DAS (22.2), At harvest (24.0), Days taken for 50% flowering 59.7, number of nodules plant-1 (36.4)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–520 · show in text ↑

t0
“cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 110–136 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T6 recorded significantly higher fresh weight of nodules at 520.3 mg.

Taxon: cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
Treatment: Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6)e0
Interactor: RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome: fresh weight of nodulese0
Direction: highere0
Value: 520.3 mge0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Application of Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6) recorded significantly higher plant height at 15DAS (23.4 cm), 30DAS (37.1 cm), 45DAS (47.7 cm), 60DAS (59.5 cm), 75DAS (63.4 cm), At harvest (68.1 cm), number of trifoliate leaves per plant at 15DAS (3.8), 30DAS (15.0), 45DAS (29.1), 60DAS (36.0), 75DAS (37.2), At harvest (39.5), number of branches plant-1 at 30DAS (7.1), 45DAS (13.7), 60DAS (18.0), 75DAS (22.2), At harvest (24.0), Days taken for 50% flowering 59.7, number of nodules plant-1 (36.4), fresh weight of nodules (520.3 mg)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–556 · show in text ↑

t0
“cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 110–136 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T6 recorded significantly higher dry weight of nodules at 166.3 mg.

Taxon: cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
Treatment: Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6)e0
Interactor: RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome: dry weight of nodulese0
Direction: highere0
Value: 166.3 mge0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Application of Rhizobium + PSB 10% + 75% N and 75% P + 100% K (T6) recorded significantly higher plant height at 15DAS (23.4 cm), 30DAS (37.1 cm), 45DAS (47.7 cm), 60DAS (59.5 cm), 75DAS (63.4 cm), At harvest (68.1 cm), number of trifoliate leaves per plant at 15DAS (3.8), 30DAS (15.0), 45DAS (29.1), 60DAS (36.0), 75DAS (37.2), At harvest (39.5), number of branches plant-1 at 30DAS (7.1), 45DAS (13.7), 60DAS (18.0), 75DAS (22.2), At harvest (24.0), Days taken for 50% flowering 59.7, number of nodules plant-1 (36.4), fresh weight of nodules (520.3 mg), dry weight of nodules (166.3 mg)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–590 · show in text ↑

t0
“cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 110–136 · show in text ↑

Rhizobium · symbiosis · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

21 papers: 18 positive, 3 negative or no effect

17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

negative
MEMC plus Rhizobium produced seedlings without root nodules.
Inactivation of seed‐treatment fungicides by Rhizobium · 1985
Opposite direction
no effect
Rhizobium inoculation did not significantly affect nodule weight, pod number, pod weight, or seed yield.
Performance of Cowpeas on an Inland Valley Swamp in the Dry Season in Sierra Leone · 1983
Opposite direction
negative
Rhizobium sp., Enterobacter cloaca, Enterobacter ludwigii and Bacillus cereus biofertilizers formed no root nodules on cowpea.
Evaluation of Biofertilizers Prepared from Local Bacterial Isolates in the Growth and Yield of Cowpea in Gypsiferous Soil · 2023
Opposite direction

17 papers more in this group

See all 21 papers →

Rhizobium · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results

29 papers: 26 positive, 3 negative or no effect

25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Rhizobium inoculation did not significantly affect biomass partitioning coefficients.
Effect of Rhizobium Sp. Inoculation on N₂-Fixing and Photosynthetic Activities of Two Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] Genotypes · 1999
Opposite direction
negative
Rhizobium inoculated 15 days before the test pathogen significantly reduced cowpea plant growth compared with inoculation 15 days after the pathogen.
Effect of Individual, Concomitant and Sequential Inoculations of Rhizobium, Rotylenchulus Reniformis, Meloidogyne Incognita and Rhizoctonia Solani on Cowpea Plant Growth, Disease Development and Nematode Multiplication · 1988 · compared with inoculation 15 days after the test pathogen
Opposite direction
no effect
Conventional and reduced-input cowpeas did not differ in root and shoot dry weights, shoot:root ratio, nodulation, nitrogen concentration, or seed yield.
Root Characteristics and Seed Yields of Cowpeas Grown with and without Added Nitrogen Fertilizer · 1999 · compared with conventional
No difference from an alternative

25 papers more in this group

See all 29 papers →

Rhizobium · phenology · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree

2 papers: 2 positive, 0 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

positive
Treatment T8 was best for days taken to first flowering, 34.20 days.
Effect of organic manures and microbial culture on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) · 2025
Same direction

See all 2 papers →

Rhizobium · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree

47 papers: 47 positive, 0 negative or no effect

46 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Rhizobium + PSB significantly increased cowpea yield attributes over control.
Effect of Vermicompost and Biofertilizers on Yield Attributes and Nutrient Content and it’s their Uptake of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp.] · 2017 · compared with control
Same direction
positive
Rhizobium inoculation produced the highest grain yield of 1441 kg/ha.
Effect of Bio Fertilizer and Fertility Levels on Yield, Protein Content and Nutrient Uptake of Cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] · 2011 · compared with rest of the treatments
Same direction
positive
Combined Rhizobium and PSB inoculation increased cowpea growth and yield versus single inoculants.
Influence of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in acidic soil of NEH region of India · 2017 · compared with single inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB
Same direction

43 papers more in this group

See all 47 papers →

phosphorus · symbiosis · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

32 papers: 28 positive, 4 negative or no effect

27 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction

28 papers more in this group

See all 32 papers →

phosphorus · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

56 papers: 52 positive, 4 negative or no effect

51 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction

negative
Leaf area of cowpea was reduced under low P
Acid phosphatase activity in bean and cowpea plants grown under phosphorus stress · 1994 · compared with 1.0
Opposite direction
negative
Phosphorus combined with different doses of manipueira had a negative effect on the initial development (V4 stage) of cowpea in a greenhouse, relative to mineral fertilization.
Growth and formation of bean phytomass (Vigna unguiculata L.) fertilized with mineral fertilizer and manipueira · 2018 · compared with mineral fertilization
Opposite direction
no effect
Plant height and leaf number did not vary with varieties or phosphorus.
Response of fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties to application of phosphorus · 2001
Opposite direction

52 papers more in this group

See all 56 papers →

nitrogen · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

68 papers: 62 positive, 6 negative or no effect

61 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction

no effect
Inorganic nitrogen did not significantly improve cowpea seed yield over effectively nodulated plants.
Effects of short-term waterlogging on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) · 1978 · compared with effectively nodulated plants
Opposite direction
negative
Average cowpea yield decreased 27% across the N rates from 0 to 120 kg/ha in intercropping.
Maize‐Cowpea Intercropping as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization¹ · 1987
Opposite direction
no effect
Nitrogen application had no significant effect on cowpea growth and yield.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application on growth and yield performance of cowpea in Ghana · 2017
Opposite direction

64 papers more in this group

See all 68 papers →

phosphorus · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

113 papers: 107 positive, 6 negative or no effect

106 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Potassium and phosphorus rates showed no interaction effect on grain yield.
Liming, fertilization, and rhizobia inoculation on cowpea yield in a Brazilian Amazon upland forest environment · 2021
Opposite direction
no effect
Phosphorus level had no significant effect on stem girth, plant height or 100 seed weight.
Effect of different phosphorus levels on four cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp L.) varieties for grain and fodder yield in Upper East Region of Ghana · 2019
Opposite direction
negative
Cowpea yield with P was 0.01 Mg/ha, against 0.13 Mg/ha without P, as written.
Crop Response to Lime and Phosphorus on New Bench Terraces in the Tropics · 1990 · compared with no‐P
Opposite direction

109 papers more in this group

See all 113 papers →

8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 7

The same questions in other papers

Rhizobium · symbiosis · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

Rhizobium · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results

Rhizobium · phenology · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree

Rhizobium · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree

phosphorus · symbiosis · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

phosphorus · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

nitrogen · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

phosphorus · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ