Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2014–15 and 2015–16 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur. Avena ludoviciana (36.3%), Phalaris minor (27.5%), Lolium temulentum (13.9%), Anagallis arvensis (10%) and Coronopus didymus (6.9) were the major weeds. Herbicide combinations (pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + metribuzin 175 g/ha, pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha fb sulfosulfuron 18 g/ha, sulfosulfuron 20 g/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha, pinoxaden 60 g/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha, clodinafop 60 g/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha, isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha + 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha) were superior to sole application of herbicides (pendimethalin 1.25 kg/ha, sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha, metribuzin 210 g/ha and clodinafop 60 g/ha) in reducing weed count and dry weight and increasing plant height, number of tillers, crop dry matter, yield attributes and yield of wheat. Clodinafop + metsulfuron, pinoxaden + metsulfuron and pendimethalin fb metsulfuron being better than other combinations gave 28.6, 22.5 and 23.1% higher grain yield of wheat over hand weeding twice. Weeds reduced the grain yield by 51.9%. With unit increase in weed count per m2, the wheat grain yield was decreased by 13.3 kg/ha. The cost of weed control under herbicidal treatments was 9.0–28.9% of that under hand weeding lowest being under metribuzin and highest under pendimethalin fb sulfosulfuron. Clodinafop + metsulfuron gave the highest net returns due to weed control and marginal benefit: cost ratio (MBCR). Clodinafop + metsulfuron resulted in highest weed control efficiency (WCE), weed control index (WCI), crop resistance index (CRI), treatment efficiency index, crop intensity index and weed index. Weed management index, agronomic management index and integrated weed management index were highest under sulfosulfuron followed by clodinafop + metsulfuron. Based on overall impact index clodinafop + metsulfuron, pinoxaden + metsulfuron, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron, pendimethalin fb sulfosulfuron and pendimethalin + metribuzin were recommended for effective weed management in wheat under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide combinations reduced weed count and dry weight compared with sole herbicide applications.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- herbicide combinationst0
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed count and dry weighte1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Comparator
- sole application of herbicidese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e1“were superior to sole application of herbicides (pendimethalin 1.25 kg/ha, sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha, metribuzin 210 g/ha and clodinafop 60 g/ha) in reducing weed count and dry weight and increasing plant height, number of tillers, crop dry matter, yield attributes and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide combinations increased plant height and number of tillers compared with sole herbicide applications.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- herbicide combinationst0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of tillerse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Comparator
- sole application of herbicidese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e1“were superior to sole application of herbicides (pendimethalin 1.25 kg/ha, sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha, metribuzin 210 g/ha and clodinafop 60 g/ha) in reducing weed count and dry weight and increasing plant height, number of tillers, crop dry matter, yield attributes and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide combinations increased crop dry matter, yield attributes and yield compared with sole herbicide applications.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- herbicide combinationst0
- Outcome
- crop dry matter, yield attributes and yielde1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Comparator
- sole application of herbicidese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e1“were superior to sole application of herbicides (pendimethalin 1.25 kg/ha, sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha, metribuzin 210 g/ha and clodinafop 60 g/ha) in reducing weed count and dry weight and increasing plant height, number of tillers, crop dry matter, yield attributes and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Clodinafop + metsulfuron gave 28.6% higher grain yield of wheat than hand weeding twice.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Clodinafop + metsulfurone2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 28.6e2
- Comparator
- hand weeding twicee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e2“Clodinafop + metsulfuron, pinoxaden + metsulfuron and pendimethalin fb metsulfuron being better than other combinations gave 28.6, 22.5 and 23.1% higher grain yield of wheat over hand weeding twice”
Claim · model-written summary
Pinoxaden + metsulfuron gave 22.5% higher grain yield of wheat than hand weeding twice.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pinoxaden + metsulfurone2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 22.5e2
- Comparator
- hand weeding twicee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e2“Clodinafop + metsulfuron, pinoxaden + metsulfuron and pendimethalin fb metsulfuron being better than other combinations gave 28.6, 22.5 and 23.1% higher grain yield of wheat over hand weeding twice”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin followed by metsulfuron gave 23.1% higher grain yield of wheat than hand weeding twice.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin fb metsulfurone2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 23.1%e2
- Comparator
- hand weeding twicee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e2“Clodinafop + metsulfuron, pinoxaden + metsulfuron and pendimethalin fb metsulfuron being better than other combinations gave 28.6, 22.5 and 23.1% higher grain yield of wheat over hand weeding twice”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds reduced wheat grain yield by 51.9%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Weedse3weed
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 51.9%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e3“Weeds reduced the grain yield by 51.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Each unit increase in weed count per m2 decreased wheat grain yield by 13.3 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- weede4weed
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 13.3 kg/hae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e4“With unit increase in weed count per m2, the wheat grain yield was decreased by 13.3 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
The cost of weed control under herbicidal treatments was 9.0–28.9% of that under hand weeding, lowest under metribuzin and highest under pendimethalin fb sulfosulfuron.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- herbicidal treatmentse5
- Outcome
- cost of weed controle5
- Value
- 9.0–28.9%e5
- Qualifier
- lowest being under metribuzin and highest under pendimethalin fb sulfosulfurone5
- Comparator
- hand weedinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e5“The cost of weed control under herbicidal treatments was 9.0–28.9% of that under hand weeding lowest being under metribuzin and highest under pendimethalin fb sulfosulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
Clodinafop + metsulfuron gave the highest net returns from weed control and marginal benefit: cost ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Clodinafop + metsulfurone6
- Outcome
- net returnse6
- Qualifier
- marginal benefit: cost ratio (MBCR)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e6“Clodinafop + metsulfuron gave the highest net returns due to weed control and marginal benefit: cost ratio (MBCR)”
Claim · model-written summary
Clodinafop + metsulfuron gave the highest weed control efficiency, weed control index and crop resistance index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Clodinafop + metsulfurone7
- Outcome
- weed control efficiency (WCE), weed control index (WCI), crop resistance index (CRI)e7
- Qualifier
- higheste7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e7“Clodinafop + metsulfuron resulted in highest weed control efficiency (WCE), weed control index (WCI), crop resistance index (CRI), treatment efficiency index, crop intensity index and weed index”
Claim · model-written summary
Clodinafop + metsulfuron gave the highest treatment efficiency index, crop intensity index and weed index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Clodinafop + metsulfurone7
- Outcome
- treatment efficiency index, crop intensity index and weed indexe7
- Qualifier
- higheste7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e7“Clodinafop + metsulfuron resulted in highest weed control efficiency (WCE), weed control index (WCI), crop resistance index (CRI), treatment efficiency index, crop intensity index and weed index”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed management index, agronomic management index and integrated weed management index were highest under sulfosulfuron, followed by clodinafop + metsulfuron.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulfosulfurone2
- Outcome
- Weed management index, agronomic management index and integrated weed management indexe2
- Qualifier
- higheste2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e2“Weed management index, agronomic management index and integrated weed management index were highest under sulfosulfuron followed by clodinafop + metsulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
Clodinafop + metsulfuron, pinoxaden + metsulfuron, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron, pendimethalin fb sulfosulfuron and pendimethalin + metribuzin are recommended for effective weed management in wheat under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- clodinafop + metsulfurone2
- Outcome
- effective weed managemente2
- Setting
- mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradeshe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat”
e2“Based on overall impact index clodinafop + metsulfuron, pinoxaden + metsulfuron, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron, pendimethalin fb sulfosulfuron and pendimethalin + metribuzin were recommended for effective weed management in wheat under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
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